• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.147-153
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• 2016

To investigate the impact of the number of runners developed from daughter plants during seedling on sapling growth and development during phase of first cluster, we examined four treatment groups that had 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 runners. As of June $5^{th}$, the group with 9-10 runners showed the highest number of saplings with more than 2 leaves, followed by groups with 7-8, 5-6, and 3-4 runners. Although observation on June $25^{th}$ and July $15^{th}$ showed a similar tendency for sapling numbers, no significant difference was detected between groups with 7-8 and 9-10 runners. The length of runners in the treated groups was similar to that in groups with 3-4 and 5-6 runners, with lengths of 49.4 mm and 48.0 mm, respectively, but runner length was significantly shorter in the group with 7-8 runners. Both the thickness and the weight of runners were highest in the group with 3-4 runners. The growth and development of daughter plants and root weight were similar between the groups with 3-4 and 5-6 runners, whereas both values were lower in groups with 7-8 and 9-10 runners. While stem crown thickness values were 8-7 mm and 8.5 mm in groups with 3-4 and 5-6 runners, respectively, groups with 7-8 and 9-10 runners had thinner stems of 7.1 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively. The fresh weight of saplings decreased as the number of runners increased. From the phase first cluster, leaf area and fresh weight were remarkably low in groups with 7-8 and 9-10 runners. Taken together, these results can be used to increase the production of high-quality saplings by providing a foundation for studies to investigate the impact of the number of runners developed from daughter plants on growth and development during the seedling period and the phase first cluster.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2020

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), a herbaceous perennial crop, is a popular fruit crop with high economical and nutritive values. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the runner training angle (RTA) on the length of internodes and number of runners produced in strawberry 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang' in an attempt to achieve a higher production rate of runner plants and increase the propagation efficiency. Runners were trained for 30 days to grow at an angle of 0° (vertically upward), 45°, 90° (horizontal), 135°, or 180° (hanging down) from the upward vertical axis. The experiment was carried out in a glasshouse with 29/20℃ day/night temperatures, an average light intensity of 450 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PPFD coming from the sun, and a natural photoperiod of 12 hours. For both 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang', the RTA affected number and length of runners, and number and fresh and dry weights of runner plants. Training at an angle of 135° or 180° shortened length of runners and internodes in 'Seolhyang'. These RTAs also produced runner plants with the lowest fresh and dry weights in both cultivars. The RTA did not affect the runner diameter, but affected the runner morphology in both cultivars. As compared to a RTA of 135°, a 180° RTA increased number of runner plants produced, making it the most proliferative RTA.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2015

The failure of hydraulic turbine runners is a rare event. So in order to assess the reliability of these components one cannot rely solely on the number of observed failures in a given population. However, as there is a limited number of degradation mechanisms involved, it is possible to use physically-based reliability models. Such models are often more complicated but are able to account for physical parameters in the degradation process. They can therefore help provide solutions to improve reliability. With such models, the effect of materials properties on runner reliability can be highlighted. This paper presents a brief review of the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram which links the damage tolerance approach, based on fracture mechanics, to the stress or strain-life approaches. Using simplified response spectra based on runner stress measurements, we will show how fatigue reliability is sensitive to materials fatigue properties, namely fatigue crack propagation behaviour and fatigue limit obtained on S-N curves. Furthermore, we will review the influence of the main microstructural features observed in 13%Cr-4%Ni stainless steels commonly used for runner manufacturing. The goal is ultimately to identify the most influential microstructural features and to quantify their effect on fatigue reliability of runners.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.625-632
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• 2020

This test was conducted to determine the appropriate conditions of temperature, storage period, and soil moisture content when using cold storage of potted mother plants of as a means of sufficient dormant breaking and safe overwintering of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Sulhyang) mother plants. In the treatment by temperature for the dormant breaking of strawberry mother plants, the survival rate of natural overwintering was 91%, whereas the survival rate was 100% at 0, - 2, and - 5℃. As the storage temperature was decreased, the plant height of the mother plants became shorter which tended to decrease after planting. Survival of the mother plants was possible at - 5℃, but after planting, the growth and number of daughter plants decreased significantly. The number of daughter plants was highest at 22.8 per plant at - 2℃ storage. The strawberry mother plants could be stored for up to 8 months in cold storage. However, when the mother plants were stored for a long period, the number of daughter plants was small. When they were stored for 4 months, the growth of the mother plants was vigorous, and the number of runners and daughter plants was high. When the water content of the soil was less than 10 percent (%, w/w) in the cold storage of the pot, the survival rate was 85 percent, which was high due to the dryness. The survival rate was 100 percent at 30 and above, and the growth of the mother plants after planting and the number of daughter plants were high at 30 to 50.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 2015

The present study is conducted to identify a better design and optimal number of Francis runner blades for sediment laden high head micro hydropower site, Tara Khola in the Baglung district of Nepal. The runner is designed with in-house code and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed to evaluate the performance with three configurations; 11, 13 and 17 numbers of runner blades. The three sets of runners were also investigated for the sediment erosion tendency. The runner with 13 blades shows better performance at design as well as in variable discharge conditions. 96.2% efficiency is obtained from the runner with 13 blades at the design point, and the runners with 17 and 11 blades have 88.25% and 76.63% efficiencies respectively. Further, the runner with 13 blades has better manufacturability than the runner with 17 blades as it has long and highly curved blade with small gaps between the blades, but it comes with 65% more erosion tendency than in the runner with 17 blades.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.263-267
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• 2007

We have previously demonstrated that the level of leukocytes and neutrophils significantly increased immediately and 30 min after exercise. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory cytokine that acts as a chemokine on neutrophils. In the present study, we evaluated the correlation between the number of neutrophils and leukocytes, and between the number of neutrophils and plasma IL-8 level. Long-distance trained runners (TRs, n = 10) and untrained sedentary control subjects (SEDs, n = 10) ran for one hour at 70% of heart rate reserve. In the TR, the number of neutrophils correlated significantly with the number of leukocytes in the blood. However, there was no correlation between the number of neutrophils and the plasma IL-8 concentration in both groups. Expressions of IL-8 protein and mRNA were markedly higher in the TRs as compared to the SEDs at three time intervals (pre-exercise, immediately after exercise, and post exercise). In conclusion, our results show that 1) the neutrophil level was dependent on the level of leukocytes 2) there was no correlation between the neutrophils count and plasma IL-8 concentration and 3) a higher plasma IL-8 level in athletes may be a unique characteristic of intensive training.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.561-566
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• 2011

In this paper, 1-D design of axial flow hydraulic turbine including runner blades, spiral casing with distributors(guide vanes and stay vane), and draft tube was conducted and then 3-D flow analysis was carried out using CFX-12.1. The results of 3 runners showed that with an increase in the number of blades, the flow rate and the power of the turbine system increased. On the other hand. the runner loss was not directly connected with the number of blades. As a result, proper blade number could be selected and more than 100kW small hydraulic turbine could be designed.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of runner development based on production period and to investigate the yield in different cropping type to nursery plant age. In runner development experiment, heating + lighting + $GA_3$ + cluster removal treatment increased the number of runners by 13.1 times higher in spring season than control(heating only) in overwintering mother-plant. Treatment of 20ppm $GA_3$ was the most effective for runner production in autumn. In nursery plant age experiment, 60 days old nursery plants produced more flower cluster than 40 days old ones. This result indicated that the yield potential was so low that overwintering runners would be adaptable for spring or summer cultivation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

Effects of different application of nematicides (fosthiazate 5% G, ethoprophos 5% G, and diazinon 34% EC) for the control of Aphelenchoides fragariae in strawberry were evaluated in a greenhouse experiments. Mother strawberry (Fragaria grandiflora) cv. Yeohong were dipped in solution of nematicides (fosthiazate or ethoprophos at 2.5 g a.i./liter in $20^{\circ}C\;or\;46^{\circ}C$) for 10 min. and planted in a greenhouse for dipping treatment. For the compare, mother strawberry were dipped in hot water for 10 min. without chemicals. For soil treatment, fosthiazate or ethoprophos at 3 kg a.i./ha were mixed into soil. For foliar spray, diazinon at 3.4 g a.i./liter was sprayed at foliage until runoff. At 40, 80, and 100 days after planting, runners were harvested from each treatment and the rate of nematode infestation and the number of nematodes per plant were examined. After 100 days of planting, mother strawberry plants dipped in fosthiazate solution (2.5 g a.i./liter, $20^{\circ}C$) for 10 min. produced more number of healthy runners and reduced % of infected runner as much as 90% and also had fewer nematodes per runner. Fosthiazate was more effective than ethoprophos. Foliar application of diazinon was reduced A. fragariae populations only in early season. Hot water treatment and nematicide soil treatment were less effective.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.281-289
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• 2017

Background: In this study, the growth and reproductive response of seedlings, grown in plastic pots with sand, to moisture and nutrients were analyzed in order to study the environmental conditions required to create an alternative habitat for Epilobium hirsutum L., an endangered plant. Results: Vegetative and reproductive growths of Epilobium hirsutum L. are accelerated with increase in moisture and organic matter content in the soil. Among vegetative organs, the number of runners related to asexual reproduction was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 7 and 14% in the soil. But the number of flowers related to flowering responses, among reproductive organs, was the highest when the moisture content was maintained at 75% and when nutrient content was 21% in the soil. The number of seeds, related to sexual reproduction, was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 14 and 21%. Conclusions: The study results show that a place with high moisture and nutrient content in the soil is advantageous to asexual and sexual reproduction of Epilobium hirsutum L. Therefore, we must serve periodically nutrient and seeds to sustain population in in situ conservation. Furthermore, it is advisable to create in riverside where abundant nutrient content have, making alternative habitat of Epilobium hirsutum L. Also, we must find species that have high contribution degree index through vegetation survey.