• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.838-845
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• 1995

연구배경: 현재 국내에서 ADA의 활성치의 측정은 adenosine 기질에서 ADA에 의한 탈아미노작용시 발생하는 암모니아를 Berthelot's 반응을 이용하여 측정하는 Giusti 등에 의한 비색법이 많이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 이 방법은 자동화가 어려워 쉽게 사용하기 어려우며 기기내의 내인성 암모니아 등에 의한 오염의 가능성이 있다. 1993년 Oosthuizen 등은 nucleoside phosphorylase(NP)와 Xanthine oxidase(XOD)을 이용하여 ADA 활성치 측정을 자동화 하였다. 저자들이 측정한 ADA 활성치와 기존의 ADA 활성치 측정결과에 대한 보고를 비교함으로써 Oosthuizen 등에 의한 ADA 활성치 측정의 자동화의 융통성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1994년 5월부터 1995년 7월까지 연세대학교 원주의과대학부속 원주기독병원에 흉막액으로 입원하여 그 원인이 확진된 162명의 환자를 각각의 원인 질환에 따라서 5개 군(I: 결핵성 흉막액, II: 악성 흉막액, III: 폐렴성 흉막액, V: 여출성 흉막액)으로 나누었으며 Oosthuizen 등에 의한 ADA 활성치 측정법을 Hitachi 747 자동화학분석기에 적용하여 각 군에서 흉막액의 ADA 활성치와 및 흉막액과 혈청에서 ADA 활성치의 비를 측정하였다. 결과: 1) 결핵성 흉막액의 ADA 활성치는 $52.53{\pm}16.43\;U/L$로서 나머지 군에 비하여 통계학적으로 의의있게 높았으며(II, IV, V 군은 p값이 0.001 미만, III 군은 p값이 0.05 미만) 흉막액에서 ADA의 활성치를 30 U/L로 기준하였을 때 결핵성 흉막액과 악성 흉막액의 감별은 민감도(sensitivity) 96%, 특이도(specificity) 93%로 결핵성 흉막염을 진단할 수 있었으며 이는 기존의 보고와 차이가 없었다. 2) 흉막액과 혈청 ADA 치의 비는 결핵성 흉막액에서 $2.29{\pm}0.96$으로 농흉을 제외한 나머지 군에 의해서 통계학적으로 의의있게 높았다(p<0.001). 흉막액과 혈청 ADA 활성치 비를 1.5로 기준하였을 때 결핵성 흉막액과 악성 흉막액의 감별은 민감도 80%, 특이도 88%로 결핵성 흉막액을 진단할 수 있었으며, 이는 기존의 연구 결과와 차이가 없었다. 3) Oosthuizen 동에 의한 ADA 활성치 측정법을 Hitachi 747 자동화학분석기에 적용한 새로운 방법은 r값이 0.971로 Giuisti 등에 의한 기존의 방법과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: ADA 활성치 측정에 Oosthuizen 등에 제안한 새로운 방법은 현재 사용되는 Giusti 등의 비색법에 의한 ADA 활성치 측정과 차이가 없었으며, 일반 검사실에서도 쉽게 사용될 수 있는 장점이 있었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2005

Famciclovir is an oral prodrug of the antiherpesvirus nucleoside analogue, penciclovir. In human, famciclovir is orally well absorbed and then undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to penciclovir and essentially no parent compound is recovered from plasma or urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two famciclovir tablets, $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Famcivir (Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of famciclovir from the two famciclovir formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with water. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $24.19{\pm}2.08$ years in age and $71.55{\pm}6.89$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 250 mg as famciclovir was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of penciclovir in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at water. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg, were -2.93, -8.02 and 10.47% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log0.8 to log1.25 (e.g., $log0.92{\sim}log1.01$ and $log0.85{\sim}log1.00$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Famcivir was bioequivalent to $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2008

Famciclovir, 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl) guanine, is an oral prodrug of the antiherpesvirus nucleoside analogue, penciclovir. In human, famciclovir is orally well absorbed and then undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to penciclovir and essentially no parent compound is recovered from plasma or urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two famciclovir tablets, Famvir tablet 750 mg (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Famcivir tablet 750 mg (Hanmi Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of famciclovir from the two famciclovir formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with water. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.38{\pm}1.72$ years in age and $68.59{\pm}7.84\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 750 mg as famciclovir was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of penciclovir in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations ere similar at water. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Famvir^{(R)}$ tablet 750 mg, were -0.53%, 1.12% and -24.82% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.9569{\sim}log\;1.0423$ and $log\;0.8763{\sim}log\;1.2136$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Famcivir tablet 750 mg was bioequivalent to Famvir tablet 750 mg.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1990

안정 상태 및 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서 ATP는 superoxide 라디칼 생성을 자극하였으나 adenosine은 약간 억제하였다. ATP에 대한 활성화된 중성 백혈구의 반응이 안정상태의 중성 백혈구에서보다 크게 나타났다. 칼슘이 제거된 반응액에서 superoxide 라디칼 생성에 대한 adenosine의 억제효과가 관찰되었으나 ATP는 영향을 주지않았다. Superoxide 라디칼 생성에 대한 ATP의 자극 효과는 adenosine에 의하여 용량에 따라 억제되었다. ATP와 adenosine은 NADPH oxidase 활성도에 영향을 주지 않았다. ATP 또는 adenosine에 의한 superoxide 라디칼 생성의 변경은 다른 triphosphate nucleotide나 nucleoside에 의한 것보다 현저하였다. 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서 ATP와 ADP는 칼슘이온의 흡수를 더 자극하였고 세포질 유리 칼슘농도를 증가시켰으나, adenosine은 칼슘이온의 이동을 억제하였다. APT에 의한 세포질 유리 칼슘이온 농도의 증가는 verapamil에 의하여 효과적으로, tetrodotoxin에 의하여 약간 억제되었다. ATP에 노출된 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서의 superoxide 라디칼 생성에 대한 verapamil 과 tetrodotoxin의 억제 효과는 ATP의 영향이 없는 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서보다 크게 나타났다. Tetraethylammonium chloride는 superoxide 생성에 뚜렷한 영향을 미치지 못했다. CCCP, 2,4-dinitrophenol, diphenylhydantoin과 procaine은 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서 superoxide 라디칼의 생성을 억제하였다. 이들 가운데 CCCP만이 ATP의 자극 효과를 억제하였다. ATP는 활성화된 중성 백혈구에서의 sulfhydryl기의 손실을 더 자극하였으나 adenosin의 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터 중성 백혈구의 기능적 반응은 부분적으로 purine에 의하여 조절될 것으로 시사되었다. ATP와 adenosine은 칼슘 흡수와 그리고 아마도 세포막 인산화 반응 및 용해성 sulfhydryl기의 산화에 대한 영향을 통하여 활성화된 중성 백혈구의 반응을 더 변경 시킬 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6829-6835
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• 2014

Chemotherapy is the primary therapy for malignant lymphoma (ML). However, the clinical outcome is still far from satisfactory. Consequently, an understanding of the mechanism of modulating cancer cell invasion, migration and metastasis is important for the development of more effective chemotherapeutic agents. FNC, 2'-deoxy-2'-${\beta}$-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine, a novel cytidine analogue, has demonstrated significantly inhibitory effects on proliferation of several non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. A previous study indicated that FNC effectively inhibited the growth of Raji and JeKo-1 cells in dose-time dependent effects with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.2{\mu}M$ and $0.097{\mu}M$, respectively. This study was focused on investigating the anti-invasive properties of FNC on NHL cells and its potential mechanisms of action. Cell adhesion and transwell chamber assays were utilized to investigate the anti-invasive effects of FNC on Raji and JeKo-1 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed to qualify the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-$3{\beta}$), E-cadherin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The results revealed that FNC remarkably inhibited the adhesion, migration and invasion of two human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-catenin, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were decreased after FNC treatment, while GSK-$3{\beta}$ and E-cadherin increased. Our studies thus provide evidence and a rationale that FNC may offer an effective chemotherapeutic agent by regulating the invasion and metastasis of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma via inhibition of the Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin signaling pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1989

The present study was designed to investigate i) the action of various nucleotides on membrane permeability of rat red blood cell and hepatocyte for $Na^{+}$ and $Rb^{+}$ ii) the characteristics of purinoceptors on these cell membranes. Blood from Sprague-Dawley rats was obtained by carotid arterial cannulation. Red blood cells were then washed 3 times with saline at $4{\circ}C$. Hepatic parenchymal cells were isolated from rat livers by using a modification of the Berry and Friend (1969) method. For the $Na^{+}$ influx studies, isolated RBC and hepatocyte were incubated in incubation medium containing $^{22}Na^{+}0.2\;{\mu}Ci/ml$ at $37^{\circ}C$. After various time intervals samples were removed from the incubation flask and washed out 3 times with ice-cold washing solutions. Cells were destroyed by adding Triton X-100 and TCA solution. After centrifugation, the supernatants were assayed for $^{22}Na^{+}$ by gamma counter. $^{86}Rb^{+}$ was used to simulate $K^{+}$ in these $K^{+}efflux$ studies. Isolated hepatocytes were incubated for 60 min in the loading solution containing $^{86}Rb^{+}\;10\;{\mu}Ci/ml$ at $37^{\circ}C$. After loading, the cells washed out 3 times by centrifugation with washing solution. The cells were incubated in buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$. At intervals thereafter, samples were removed and centrifuged. The supernatants were analyzed for $^{86}Rb^{+}$ by liquid scintillation counter. The main results of the experiments were: 1) ATP and ATPP increased in both $^{22}Na^{+}$ influx and $^{86}Rb^{+}$ efflux in the red blood cell. Although ADP showed a tendency to increase in RBC membrane permeability for $^{22}Na^{+}$ and $^{86}Rb^{+}$, the changes were not significantly different from the control. 2) The Significant changes in $^{22}Na^{+}$ and $^{86}Rb^{+}$ flux by ATP were also demonstrated in hepatocyte. ATPP and ADP showed a tendency to increase in hepatocyte membrane permeability for both ions. 3) Other nucleoside triphosphates-ITP, GTP and CTP-did not change in membrane permeability for $^{22}Na^{+}$ and $^{86}Rb^{+}$ in RBC and hepatocyte. In conclusion, not only ATP but also ATPP activate purinoceptors and change in membrane permeability for $Na^{+}$ and $K^{+}$. In order to activate purinoceptors on the cell membrane, the nucleotides have to possess intact adenine moiety and three phosphates or more in its molecule.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.2449-2453
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• 2007

L-[18F]FMAU ([18F]1b) was prepared from the precursor 2-O-[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]-1,3,5-tri-Obenzoyl- α-L-ribofuranose, by coupling the radioactive fluoro-sugar with the corresponding silylated thymine in 4 steps. The final products, including the α and β anomers, were purified using reverse phase HPLC with an appropriate solvent (5% CH3CN/H2O) at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min. The total elapsed time of synthesis was about 180-200 min from EOB. The α/β anomeric ratio of the compounds was about 1:9, and the radiochemical purity of the product (β-form) was >98% with decay-corrected yields of 25-35%. All radioactive samples were confirmed using co-injection with pure non-radioactive analogues in every step. In the cellular uptake in vitro test of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) gene expressed cells, the percent uptake of injected dose (%ID) of L- and D-FMAU was 37.28 and 65.86, respectively after 240 min incubation. However, the relative uptake (MCA-TK/MCA cellular uptake ratio) of L-FMAU was higher than that of D-FMAU (%ID of L-FMAU, 0.36 and D-FMAU, 0.93 after 240 min incubation in MCA cells). This means that L-FMAU will show better specific HSV1-TK gene expressed cell uptake for selective HSV1-TK gene imaging.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1529-1539
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the DNA methylation profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle between Small Tailed Han and Dorper${\times}$Small Tailed Han crossbred sheep which were known to exhibit significant difference in meat-production. Methods: Six samples (three in each group) were subjected to the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) and subsequent bioinformatics analyses to detect differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups. Results: 23.08 Gb clean data from six samples were generated and 808 DMRs were identified in gene body or their neighboring up/downstream regions. Compared with Small Tailed Han sheep, we observed a tendency toward a global loss of DNA methylation in these DMRs in the crossbred group. Gene ontology enrichment analysis found several gene sets which were hypomethylated in gene-body region, including nucleoside binding, motor activity, phospholipid binding and cell junction. Numerous genes were found to be differentially methylated between the two groups with several genes significantly differentially methylated, including transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARG2), netrin 1 (NTN1), ras and rab interactor 2 (RIN2), microtubule associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (MAPRE1), ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 2 (ADAMTS2), myomesin 1 (MYOM1), zinc finger, DHHC type containing 13 (ZDHHC13), and SH3 and PX domains 2B (SH3PXD2B). The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation showed that the 12 genes are differentially expressed between the two groups. Conclusion: In the current study, a tendency to a global loss of DNA methylation in these DMRs in the crossbred group was found. Twelve genes, TGFB3, ACSL1, RYR1, ACOX2, PPARG2, NTN1, RIN2, MAPRE1, ADAMTS2, MYOM1, ZDHHC13, and SH3PXD2B, were found to be differentially methylated between the two groups by gene ontology enrichment analysis. There are differences in the expression of 12 genes, of which ACSL1, RIN2, and ADAMTS2 have a negative correlation with methylation levels and the data suggest that DNA methylation levels in DMRs of the 3 genes may have an influence on the expression. These results will serve as a valuable resource for DNA methylation investigations on screening candidate genes which might be related to meat production in sheep.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2013

We have previously investigated the proteome changes of rice leaves under heat stress (Lee et al. in Proteomics 2007a, 7:3369-3383), wherein a group of antioxidant proteins and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were found to be regulated differently. The present study focuses on the biochemical changes and gene expression profiles of heat shock protein and antioxidant genes in rice leaves in response to heat stress ($42^{\circ}C$) during a wide range of exposure times. The results show that hydrogen peroxide and proline contents increased significantly, suggesting an oxidative burst and osmotic imbalance under heat stress. The mRNA levels of chaperone 60, HSP70, HSP100, chloroplastic HSP26, and mitochondrial small HSP responded rapidly and showed maximum expression after 0.5 or 2 h under heat stress. Transcript levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) showed a rapid and marked accumulation upon heat stress. While prolonged exposure to heat stress resulted in increased transcript levels of monodehydroascorbate reductase, peroxidase, glyoxalase 1, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin peroxidase, 2-Cysteine peroxiredoxin, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1, while the transcription of catalase was suppressed. Consistent with their changes in gene expression, the enzyme activities of APX and DHAR also increased significantly following exposure to heat stress. These results suggest that oxidative stress is usually caused by heat stress, and plants apply complex HSP- and antioxidant-mediated defense mechanisms to cope with heat stress.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2011

Cordycepin은 동충하초로부터 분리한 생리활성 물질로써 항암활성을 가진다고 보고되어 있다. 하지만 그 정확한 항암 기전은 아직 확실하게 밝혀져 있지 않다. 이에 인간 전립선 암 세포주인 PC-3 세포를 이용하여 apoptosis와 그에 관련한 경로를 조사함으로써 cordycepin의 항암효과를 연구하였다. MTT assay를 통해 세포독성을 알아보았고 Annexin-V/PI 염색과 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도, ROS의 생성, MMP의 변화를 관찰하여 apoptosis 경로를 확인하였다. 뿐만 아니라 Western blot analysis를 이용하여 apoptosis와 관련된 단백질의 발현 정도를 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과에서 cordycepin은 apoptosis 관련 단백질의 발현을 조절함으로써 apoptosis와 관련이 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 미토콘드리아 관련 apoptosis 경로를 확인한 결과, ROS의 생성, $Ca^{2+}$의 증가 그리고 미토콘드리아 막 전위의 붕괴를 통해 apoptosis 기전이 유도됨을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 cordycepin은 PC-3 세포에 대하여 ROS와 $Ca^{2+}$의 농도 증가를 통해 MMP를 변화시켜 미토콘드리아 관련 apoptosis 기전을 거쳐 caspase의 활성을 증가시킴으로써 apoptosis를 유도함을 알 수 있었다.