• 한국위험물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO₂, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2014

표고 재배방법이 원목재배에서 톱밥재배로 전환되어가고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 재배적기인 봄가을의 버섯생산은 톱밥재배는 경쟁력이 매우 취약한 상태이다. 이를 개선하기 위하여 연중재배 방안의 개발이 절실하며, 균상재배에 대한 필요성이 높아진 상태이다. 농가 재배사의 위치별 온도변화와 시설 및 장비에 대한 조사와 재배온도별 버섯발생 및 자실체의 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 재배사 내의 온도는 외부 온도가 $34^{\circ}C$일 때에 내부온도는 $30{\sim}31^{\circ}C$이었으며, 상하단의 온도 편차는 $1^{\circ}C$이내였고, 밤의 온도는 외부온도가 $22{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ 일 때에 내부는 $22{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ 수준으로 $1^{\circ}C$ 높았다. 전체적으로 보면 $24^{\circ}C$미만은 버섯 발생 및 생육이 가능한 온도대의 시간은 22:30부터 아침 7:30분까지이며, 습도는 온도와는 반대로 낮에는 55~65% 내외이나 밤에는 85~95%내외를 유지하였다. 재배사 시설들은 냉동기, 물콘, 3중막 표고재배사, 미스트 및 포그노즐 등이었으며, 재배자들은 낮은 온도를 유지하기 위하여 많은 노력을 하고 있었다. 봉지배배에서 혹서기에 재배가능한 온도를 확인하기 위하여 $14^{\circ}C$부터 $29^{\circ}C$ 까지 $3^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 항온상태에서 버섯재배사에서 재배한 결과 $23^{\circ}C$까지는 버섯이 발이 또는 생산되었으나 $26^{\circ}C$부터는 버섯생산이 불가능하였다. 버섯품질을 결정하는 버섯 색깔과 형태적 특성변화에서 명도값은 온도가 증가하면서 증가하였고, 대의 채도(a, b)값은 서서히 감소하였으며, 갓에서는 채도(b)값은 온도에 따른 큰 변화가 없었으나, 채도 (a)값은 감소하였다. 형태적 특징 중에서 갓크기는 1차 수확에서는 온도 증가에 따라 서서히 감소하였으나 2차 수확에서는 증가하였다. 대길이는 재배온도가 높아지면 대길이가 길어지며, 갓두께는 1차 수확에서는 서서히 감소하지만 2차 수확은 1차보다 빠르게 증가하였다. 위의 내용을 종합해보면 표고톱밥 재배사내에 상하단의 온도편차가 $1^{\circ}C$ 이내로 균상재배가 가능하며, 버섯 발생유도기간에 온도는 $23^{\circ}C$ 이하에서만 가능할 것이다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.298-310
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 온실냉방용 포그시스템 설계시 필요한 기초자료 확보를 위하여 경상대학교내 실험온실에 설치한 3종류의 노즐을 중심으로 분무특성에 대해 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 단위 노즐당 분무량은 분무압력이 증가할수록 증가하나, 각 노즐에서 공히 분무압력의 증가에 따른 분무량의 증가율이 일정하지 않았다. 노즐의 유형 I, II, III형별로 전체 실험분무압력에서 최소입경은 각각 약 1.7~2.5$\mu$m, 1.7~2.2$\mu$m 및 1.7~2.2$\mu$m이었고, 최대입경은 각각 약 44~60$\mu$m, 52~71$\mu$m 및 45~61$\mu$m이었으며, 평균입경은 각각 약 23~38$\mu$m, 19~24$\mu$m 및 17~25$\mu$m범위에 있었다. 그리고 노즐 I, II, III 별로 분무입경이 가장 양호하다고 판단된 분무압력은 각각 70kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 30kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 및 30kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었으며, 그 때의 분무량은 각각 124mL/min, 103mL/min 및 84mL/min정도였고, 평균입경은 각각 약 22.6$\mu$m, 21.8$\mu$m 및 20.6$\mu$m정도였다. 또한 전체 입경분포에서 30$\mu$m이하가 차지하는 비율은 노즐(I, II 및 III)별로 각각 95.4%, 85.7%, 79.0%정도였으며, 비교적 입자가 큰 40$\mu$m이상이 차지하는 비율은 각각 0.2%, 1.28% 및 1.67%정도였다. 그러나 이들 노즐들의 분무입자 크기는 대부분 포그의 한계입경인 50$\mu$m이하에 속하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1996

고온다습한 여름철에 우사내 fan ＋ sprinkler에 의한 방서대책이 Holstein착유우의 생리적 반응, 유생산성 및 유조성분 등에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 외기 온도가 가장 높은 15:00시에 측정한 대조구와 처리구의 건구 온도, 상대 습도, 이슬점 온도 및 수증기압 등은 각각 30.15 : 30.4$0^{\circ}C$, 71.44 : 70.82%, 24.32 : 24.26$^{\circ}C$, 30.51 : 30.50mbar로 fan ＋ sprinkler설치가 기상 조건에 영향을 미치지는 않았다. 2. 피부온도는 대조구(34.02$^{\circ}C$)에 비하여 fan ＋ spinkler 처리구(32.96$^{\circ}C$)가 유의하게 저하되었다(P<0.05). 또한 직장온도도 대조구가 41.21$^{\circ}C$, 처리구가 39.53$^{\circ}C$로 대조구에 비해 처리구에서 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.05). 3. 혈청 Cortisol 농도는 대조구가 1.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/dL로 처리구의 0.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/dL 보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 4. 평균 산유량은 대조구가 23.66kg, 처리구가 25.87kg으로 대조구에 비해 처리구가 유의하게 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 시험축을 유기별로 나누어 유량을 조사한 바 대조구 보다 처리구가 비유초기, 중기 및 후기에서 각각 8.16%, 2.83% 및 12.14%의 증가를 보였으나 유의차는 없었다. 5. 우유중 유당, 유단백 및 무지고형분 등의 함량 및 생산량은 대조구와 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 유지방 함량의 경우 대조구가 3.22%, 처리구가 3.37%로 처리구가 0.15% point 증가했으나 유의차는 없었다. Fan ＋ sprinkler가 설치된 시설에서 사육된 젖소에서 생산된 우유내 체세포수는 대조구에 비해 26.63%가 감소되었으나 유의차는 발견할 수 없었다. 이상의 시험 결과에서 볼 때 fan ＋ sprinkler를 이용한 방서 방법은 고온 stress를 완화시켜 유생산성의 증가에 기여할 수 있는 하나의 방법이라고 본다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.