• 제목/요약/키워드: normal embedding

검색결과 53건 처리시간 0.018초

Performance evaluation on Fault Current Controller System for the Applications of Smart Grid

  • Jang, Jae-Young;Lee, Woo-Seung;Lee, Ji-Ho;Hwang, Young-Jin;Jo, Hyun-Chul;Ahn, Min-Cheol;Hur, Kyeon;Ko, Tae-Kuk
    • 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.12-15
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    • 2012
  • This paper presents simulation and small-scale experimental tests of a fault current controller. Smart fault controller as proposed and proven conceptually in our previous work is promising technology for the smart power grid where distributed and even stochastic generation sources are prevalent and grid operations are more dynamic. Existing protection schemes simply limiting the fault current to the pre-determined set values may not show best performance and even lead to coordination failures, potentially leading to catastrophic failure. Thus, this paper designs fault current controller with a full bridge thyristor rectifier, embedding a superconducting coil for which the controller is electrically invisible during normal operation because the loss due to the coil is near-zero. When a fault occurs and the resulting current through the superconducting coil exceeds a certain value set intelligently based on the current operating condition of the grid, the magnitude of the fault current is controlled to this desired value by adjusting the firing angles of thyristors such that the overall system integrity is successfully maintained. Detailed time-domain simulations are performed and lab-scale testing circuits are built to demonstrate the desired functionality and efficacy of the proposed fault current controller.

Accuracy of one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis model using a convolutional neural network and lateral cephalogram images with different qualities obtained from nationwide multi-hospitals

  • Yim, Sunjin;Kim, Sungchul;Kim, Inhwan;Park, Jae-Woo;Cho, Jin-Hyoung;Hong, Mihee;Kang, Kyung-Hwa;Kim, Minji;Kim, Su-Jung;Kim, Yoon-Ji;Kim, Young Ho;Lim, Sung-Hoon;Sung, Sang Jin;Kim, Namkug;Baek, Seung-Hak
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.3-19
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    • 2022
  • Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis of skeletodental discrepancies using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and lateral cephalogram images with different qualities from nationwide multi-hospitals. Methods: Among 2,174 lateral cephalograms, 1,993 cephalograms from two hospitals were used for training and internal test sets and 181 cephalograms from eight other hospitals were used for an external test set. They were divided into three classification groups according to anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies (Class I, II, and III), vertical skeletal discrepancies (normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent patterns), and vertical dental discrepancies (normal overbite, deep bite, and open bite) as a gold standard. Pre-trained DenseNet-169 was used as a CNN classifier model. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Results: In the ROC analysis, the mean area under the curve and the mean accuracy of all classifications were high with both internal and external test sets (all, > 0.89 and > 0.80). In the t-SNE analysis, our model succeeded in creating good separation between three classification groups. Grad-CAM figures showed differences in the location and size of the focus areas between three classification groups in each diagnosis. Conclusions: Since the accuracy of our model was validated with both internal and external test sets, it shows the possible usefulness of a one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis tool using a CNN model. However, it still needs technical improvement in terms of classifying vertical dental discrepancies.

흰쥐 콩팥에서 요소운반체-A의 발현: 미세구조적 면역세포화학법 (Expression of UT-A in Rat Kidney: Ultrastructural Immunocytochemistry)

  • 임선우;정주영;김완영;한기환;차정호;정진웅;김진
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.91-105
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    • 2002
  • 포유동물의 콩팥에서 오줌 농축기전에 중요한 요소(urea)의 이동에 관여하는 요소운반체 (urea transporter, UT)에는 요세관에서 발현되는 요소운반체인 UT-A와 적혈구에서 발현되는 요소운반체인 UT-B가 있다. 최근 UT-A에는 UT-A1, UT-A2, UT-A3, UT-A4, UT-A5 등 5종류가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이 연구에서는 콩팥내 요세관 세포에서 UT-A1, UT-A2 및 UT-A4를 표지하는 것으로 알려진 UT-A (L403)의 분포를 밝히고자 하였다. Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐($200{\sim}250g$)의 콩팥을 대상으로 정상군, 탈수군(식수를 3일간 공급하지 않은 군) 및 수분과잉공급군(3%의 sucrose를 섞은 식수를 3일간 자유롭게 먹였다)의 3군으로 나누었다. 콩팥은 복대동맥을 통하여 2% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate (PLP) 또는 8% paraformaldehyde용액으로 10분간 관류 고정하였다. 콩팥조직절편은 UT-A에 대한 토끼 다클론항체를 이용하여 포매전면역염색법을 이용한 과산화효소법과 면역도금법을 시행한 후 광학 및 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 흰쥐 콩팥에서 UT-A1은 속수질집합관의 세포질에 산재하여 분포하고 있었으며, UT-A2는 짧은-헨레고리의 내림가는부분 말단 1/2 부분의 상피세포(I형 세포)와 속수질 초기부분에 있는 긴-헨레고리의 내림가는부분 상피세포(II형 세포)의 세포막에 분포하고 있었다. 속수질집합관내 UT-A1은 탈수군에서는 감소하였으며, 수분과잉공급군에서는 증가하였다. 짧은-헨레고리의 내림가는부분에 있는 UT-A2는 탈수군과 수분과잉공급군 모두에서 증가하되 수분과잉공급군에서 더 증가하였다. 긴-헨레고리의 내림가는부분 중 속수질 초기부분에서 발현되는 UT-A2의 면역반응성은 탈수군에서 현저히 증가하였으나, 수분과잉공급군에서는 정상군에서처럼 약하게 발현되었다. 이상의 연구 결과로 보아 흰쥐 콩팥에서 UT-A1은 속수질집합관의 세포질에 UT-A2는 짧은-헨레고리와 긴-헨레고리의 내림가는부분 상피세포의 세포막에 분포하고 있으며 서로 다른 기전에 의하여 조절되고 있는 것으로 생각된다.