• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제72권6호
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• pp.713-722
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• 2019

Micromechanics is a technique for the analysis of composites or heterogeneous materials which focuses on the components of the intended structure. Each one of the components can exhibit isotropic behavior, but the microstructure characteristics of the heterogeneous material result in the anisotropic behavior of the structure. In this research, the general mechanical properties of a 3D anisotropic and heterogeneous Representative Volume Element (RVE), have been determined by applying periodic boundary conditions (PBCs), using the Asymptotic Homogenization Theory (AHT) and strain energy. In order to use the homogenization theory and apply the periodic boundary conditions, the ABAQUS scripting interface (ASI) has been used along with the Python programming language. The results have been compared with those of the Homogeneous Boundary Conditions method, which leads to an overestimation of the effective mechanical properties. According to the results, applying homogenous boundary conditions results in a 33% and 13% increase in the shear moduli G₂₃ and G₁₂, respectively. In polymeric composites, the fibers have linear and brittle behavior, while the resin exhibits a non-linear behavior. Therefore, the nonlinear effects of resin on the mechanical properties of the composite material is studied using a user-defined subroutine in Fortran (USDFLD). The non-linear shear stress-strain behavior of unidirectional composite laminates has been obtained. Results indicate that at arbitrary constant stress as 80 MPa in-plane shear modulus, G₁₂, experienced a 47%, 41% and 31% reduction at the fiber volume fraction of 30%, 50% and 70%, compared to the linear assumption. The results of this study are in good agreement with the analytical and experimental results available in the literature.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2014

In this study, a method for the low-carbon active distribution system (ADS) planning is proposed. It takes into account the impacts of both network capacity and demand correlation to the renewable energy accommodation, and incorporates demand response (DR) as an available resource in the ADS planning. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model, whereby the optimal allocation of renewable energy sources and the design of DR contract (i.e. payment incentives and default penalties) are determined simultaneously, in order to achieve the minimization of total cost and $CO_2$ emissions subjected to the system constraints. The uncertainties that involved are also considered by using the scenario synthesis method with the improved Taguchi's orthogonal array testing for reducing information redundancy. A novel cuckoo search (CS) is applied for the planning optimization. The case study results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제35C권6호
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• pp.39-47
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 오버샘플링 A/D변환기의 핵심 회로인 Σ-△변환기를 0.6㎛ CMOS공정을 이용하여 설계하였다. 설계과정은 우선 모델을 개발하여 S-영역에서 적절한 전달함수를 구한 후, 이를 시간 영역의 함수로 변환하여 연산 증폭기의 DC 전압이득, 슬루율과 같은 비 이상적인 요소들을 인가하여 검증하였다. 제안된 시그마-델타 변환기(Sigma-delta modulator, Σ-△변환기)는 음성 신호 대역에 대하여 64배 오버샘플링하며, 다이나믹 영역은 110 dB이상, 최대 S/N비는 102.6 dB로 설계하였다. 기존의 4차 Σ-△ 변환기는 잡음에 대한 전송영점의 위치를 3,4차 적분기단에 인가하는데 반하여 제안된 방식은 잡음에 대한 전송영점을 1,2차 적분기단에 인가함으로써 전체적인 커패시터의 크기가 감소하여 회로의 실질적인 면적이 감소하며, 성능이 개선되고, 소모 전력이 감소하였다. 또한 단위시간에 대한 출력값의 변화량이 3차 적분기의 경우에 비하여 작으므로 동작이 안정적이고, 1차 적분기의 적분 커패시터의 크기가 크므로 구현이 용이하며, 잡음에 대한 억제효과를 이용하여 3차 적분기단의 크기를 감소시켰다. 본 논문에서는 모델 상에서 전체적인 전달함수를 얻고, 신호의 차단주파수를 결정하며, 각 적분기의 출력신호를 최대화하여 적분기 출력신호의 크기를 증가시키고, 최대의 성능을 가지는 잡음에 대한 전송영점을 결정하는 기법을 제안한다. 설계된 회로의 실질적인 면적은 5.25 ㎟이고, 소모전력은 5 V 단일전원에 대하여 10 mW이다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1999

대형구조물의 진동감소를 위한 슬라이딩 모드 퍼지 제어기(Sliding Mode Fuzzy Control SMFC)에 대하여 연구하였다 본 제어기에 사용된 퍼지 추론기의 규칙은 비선형 제어기법의 하나인 슬라이딩 모드 제어기를 기반으로 하여 구성되었다 그결과 제어기의 퍼지성은 제어시스템을 시스템 계수의 불확실성과 구조물에 작용되는 외부하중의 불확실성에 대하여 강인한 성질은 갖게 하였으며 제어 규칙의 비선형성으로 인하여 제어기는 선형제어기에 비하여 보다 효율적인 되었다 복잡한 수학 해석에 기반한 종래의 제어기법에 비하여 퍼지 이론에 기반한 본 제어기법은 제어기의 설계절차가 매우 편리하다는 장점을 갖게 된다. 제안된 제어기법의 검증을 위하여 미국 토목학회 산하 구조제어위원회(ASCE Committee on Structural Control)에서 주도한 벤치마크 문제에 대하여 적용시켜 보았다 본 연구의 제어결과를 다른 연구자들에 의하여 발표된 {{{{ ETA _mixed _2$\infty$ }}, optimal polynomial control neural networks control 슬라이딩 모드 제어의 벤치마크 결과와 비교하였으며 그 결과 제안된 제어기법이 구조물의 진동을 매우 효율적으로 감소시키며 제어기의 설계절차가 쉽고 편리함을 확일 할 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권6호
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• pp.611-633
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• 2024

This study intends to investigate the response of multi-cell (MC) beams to flexural loads in which the primary reinforcement is composed of both metallic and non-metallic materials. "Multi-cell" describes beam sections with multiple longitudinal voids separated by thin webs. Seven reinforced concrete MC beams measuring 300×200×1800 mm were tested under flexural loadings until failure. Two series of beams are formed, depending on the type of main reinforcement that is being used. A control RC beam with no openings and six MC beams are found in these two series. Series one and two are reinforced with metallic and non-metallic main reinforcement, respectively, in order to maintain a constant reinforcement ratio. The first crack, ultimate load, deflection, ductility index, energy absorption, strain characteristics, crack pattern, and failure mode were among the structural parameters of the beams under investigation that were documented. The primary variables that vary are the kind of reinforcing materials that are utilized, as well as the kind and quantity of mesh layers. The outcomes of this study that looked at the experimental and numerical performance of ferrocement reinforced concrete MC beams are presented in this article. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was performed with ANSYS-16.0 software to demonstrate the behavior of composite MC beams with holes. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the factors, such as opening size, that can most strongly affect the mechanical behavior of the suggested model. The experimental and numerical results obtained demonstrate that the FE simulations generated an acceptable degree of experimental value estimation. It's also important to demonstrate that, when compared to the control beam, the MC beam reinforced with geogrid mesh (MCGB) decreases its strength capacity by a maximum of 73.33%. In contrast, the minimum strength reduction value of 16.71% is observed in the MC beams reinforced with carbon reinforcing bars (MCCR). The findings of the experiments on MC beams with openings demonstrate that the presence of openings has a significant impact on the behavior of the beams, as there is a decrease in both the ultimate load and maximum deflection.