• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Smoking of tobacco cigarettes is associated with a rise in blood pressure together with increase in heart rate. This study was aimed to examine the acute effect of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on the blood pressure and heart rate by randomized crossover study. In the results, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate changes after smoking were significantly different between male and female group. Blood pressure and heart rate were elevated after smoking, but statistical significance for the difference was identified only in the female group. Because Non-tobacco smoke made from leaves of E. ulmoides has no nicotine, its effect on blood pressure and heart rate was negligible. Remarkable difference of heart rate changes in women was observed between tobacco cigarette smoking group and non-tobacco cigarette smoking group.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.166-170
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• 2003

Smoking of tobacco cigarettes is associated with a rise in blood pressure together with an increase in heart beat rate. This study examined the acute effect of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on the blood pressure and heart beat rate by randomized crossover study involved 39 volunteers. In the results, systolic blood pressure and heart beat rate changes after smoking were significantly different in non-tobacco cigarette smoking group from in tobacco cigarette smoking group.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

In light of addressing consumer health concern, coping with anti-tobacco movement, and promoting new product, tobacco industry is actively pursuing to make a new generation of cigarettes with low tar and nicotine deliveries, and less harmful substances. Low tar and low nicotine cigarettes increases their market shares dramatically world wide, especially in KT&G, multinational tobacco companies, EU countries, even in China regulated by CNTC to set up yearly target to lower tar and nicotine deliveries. On the other hand, to design a new cigarette with reduced harmful substances begins to gain speed. The "modified Hoffmann list" publishes thirty plus substances in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream, which is the prime suspect causing health problems. Various ways and means are developed to reduce such components including new tobacco breeds, new curing method, tobacco leaf treatment before processing, selected filtration system, innovated casing system to reduce free radicals, as well as some non conventional cigarette products. In TSRC held this year, the main topic is related to reduce tobacco specific nitrosamines in tobacco leaf. The new generation of cigarette is in the horizon. It still needs a lot help to produce commercial products with satisfied taste and aroma characters. The flavor industry is not regulated by many governments demanding which ingredients might or might not be for tobacco use. However, most of the cigarette companies self impose a list of ingredients to guide flavor suppliers to design flavors. Unfortunately, the number of ingredients in those lists is getting shorter every year. It is understandable that the health is not the only reason. Some cigarette companies are playing safe to protect the company from potential lawsuit, while others are just copying from their competitors. Moreover, it is obvious that it needs more assistance from casings and flavors to design new generation of cigarettes with missing certain flavor components in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream. These flavor components are either non-existed or at lower level at new form of cured tobacco leaf or filtered in the main smoke stream along with reduced harmful substances. The use of carbon filters and other selected filtration system poses another tough task for flavor system design. Specific flavor components are missing from the smoke analysis data, which brings a notion of "carbon taste" and "dryness" of mouth feel. It is ever more demanded by cigarette industry to flavor suppliers to produce flavors as body enhancer, tobacco notes, salivating agents, harshness reducer, and various of aromatic notes provided they are safe to use. Another trend is that water based flavor or flavor with reduced ethanol as solvent is gaining popularity. It is preferred by some cigarette companies that the flavor is compounded with all natural ingredients or all ingredients should he GMO free. The new generation of cigarettes demands many ways of new thinking process. It is also vital for tobacco industry. It reflects the real needs for the consumers that the cigarette product should be safe to use as well as bearing the taste and aroma characters smokers always enjoyed. An effective tobacco flavor system is definitely a part of the equation. The global trend of tobacco industry is like trends of any other industries lead by consumer needs, benefited with new technology availability, affected by the global economy, and subjected for various rules and regulations. Anti-tobacco organizations and media exceptionally scrutinize cigarette, as a legal commercial product. Cigarette is probably the most studied commercial product for its composition, structure, deliveries, effects, as well as its new developmental trend. Therefore, any new trend of cigarette development would be within these boundaries. This paper is trying to point out what it would be like for tobacco industry in the next few yews and what concerns the tobacco industry. It focuses mostly on the efforts to produce safer cigarettes. It is such a vital task for the tobacco industry and its affiliate industries such as cigarette papers, filters, flavors, and other materials. The facts and knowledge presented in this paper might be well known for the public. Some of the comments and predictions are very much personal opinion for a further discussion.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2014

Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.3299-3304
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• 2013

Background: The Global Adult Tobacco Survey has 15 key indicators, cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among daily smokers being one of them. The first wave of GATS in 14 countries indicated that mean CPD use is higher in women than men in India only, which is contrary to the current understanding of tobacco use globally. This study was undertaken to understand the unusual findings for mean CPD use in the GATS-India survey. Materials and Methods: Items B06a and B06b of the GATS India survey questionnaire that collected information on daily consumption of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were analyzed using SPSS software. Exclusive users were identified from these items after excluding the concurrent users of other tobacco products. Cigarette type, exclusive use and gender stratified analyses were made. Consumption of different types of cigarettes among the mixed users of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were correlated. Results: Higher mean number of CPD use among male daily-smokers was observed than their female counterparts in product specific analysis. Mean CPD as per GATS cigarette definition was higher in males than females for exclusive users but a reverse trend was observed in case of non-exclusive users. Use of manufactured cigarettes increased with increase in use of rolled cigarette among the mixed users and around half of these users reported equal CPD frequency for the both types of cigarettes. Conclusions: The anomaly in mean CPD estimate in GATS-India data was due to inclusion of two heterogeneous products to define cigarettes, variation in cigarette product specific user proportions contributing to the average and non-exclusive concurrent use of other tobacco products. The consumption pattern of cigarettes among the mixed users highlights bias in CPD reporting. Definition, analysis and interpretation of 'cigarettes per day' in the GATS India survey need to be improved by redefining cigarettes and making product specific analyses.

• 한국연초학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연초학회 1999년도 42회 학술발표회
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• pp.9-12
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• 1999

Up to the 60's cigarette paper commercial grades were simply described as ' non combustible ', ' combustible ' or ' extra-combustible '. It was assumed that combustibility of the paper itself was correlated with cigarette combustibility. Since then, the characteristics of cigarette paper, like natural porosity and burning additives, which influence truly cigarette combustibility, have been described by various authors and it became clear to cigarette designers that paper combustibility was not generally a significant factor governing cigarette combustibility. On the other hand, for Roll Your Own(RYO)wrapping papers, the ECPCI has proposed to the CORESTA RYO Task Force to use paper combustibility, and specially the LCT test, to classify papers between low and high smoke delivery, and a new Task Force on PAPER COMBUSTIBILITY was recently set up to develop a recommended method. The objective of this presentation Is to show results demonstrating that for paper used on cigarettes, there is NO GENERAL CORTRELATION between PAPER and CIGARETTE combustibility. We will also show results confirming that, for the specific group of RYO booklet papers containing no burning additives, there is a correlation between paper combustibility and FCSA's Combustibility/smoke delivery. This apparent discrepancy will be explained by reviewing the role played by the various characteristics of cigarette paper in governing cigarette combustibility.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette filter on in vitro cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette. In this work, we used 3 types of cigarettes included non-filtered 2R4F cigarette, cellulose acetate-filtered 2R4F cigarette, and carbon dual-filtered 2R4F cigarette which was made from original 2R4F by replacing with an acetate filter containing carbon. The cytotoxicity of both the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which was collected in Cambridge filter pad, and the gas/vapor phase (GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffered saline in a gas-washing bottle, was determined using a neutral red uptake assay with CHO-K1 cells. With regard to cytotoxicity when calculated on an equal puff basis, the cytotoxicity of CSC from the filtered cigarettes was lower than that of the non filtered cigarette. Also, $EC_{50}$ vlaue of GVP from carbon filter cigarette was 40.9 puff/L, indicating the cytotoxicity to be $20\%$ lower than that of the CA filter cigarette. The cytotoxicity of the GVP was correlated to the several vapor phase components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and MEK). In conclusion, carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyl compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke, results in significant reductions in the cytotoxicity potential of the smoke.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.320-332
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• 2024

본 연구는 연소담배와 비교해 서로 다른 가열담배(heated tobacco products, HTPs) 사용 시 혈역학적 지표들의 급성 반응을 비교하고, 급성 HTPs 에어로졸 노출이 심장 자율신경조절(cardiac autonomic regulation, CAR)에 미치는 영향을 탐색하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 또한, 서로 다른 연초 스틱 간 급성 심혈관 효과의 비교 검증을 목표로 하위연구를 설계했다. 외관상 건강한 남성 흡연자 16명은 개방표지, 무작위 교차시험으로, 최소 48시간 세척기간과 함께 비-흡연(non-smoking, NS), 담배 흡연 및 서로 다른 두 가지 HTPs 사용 세션을 각각 수행했다. 하위연구는 NS와 함께 서로 다른 두 가지 연초 스틱 간 급성 심혈관 효과를 비교하기 위해, 참여자 중 8명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 수축기와 확장기 혈압 및 CAR을 반영하는 심박변이도(heart rate variability, HRV)가 각 세션 시작 전, 제품 사용 중 그리고 사용 후 30분까지 평가되었다. NS 동안 혈역학적 변화는 통계적 차가 없었으나, HTPs 에어로졸에 급성 노출은 담배 연기와 상응하는 수축기와 확장기 혈압의 유의한 증가를 초래했으며, 이들 지표에서 HTPs 기기 간 통계적 차는 없었다. 연소담배와 HTPs 사용 후 통계적으로 유의한 심장 교감신경활동(cardiac sympathetic nerve activity, CSNA)의 급성 증가와 심장 미주신경 긴장도(cardiac vagal tone, CVT)의 급격한 저하가 나타났다. 사용 기기와 독립적으로 HTPs 사용에 따른 CSNA와 CVT 반응은 연소담배와 통계적 차가 없었다. 서로 다른 두 가지 연초 스틱은 NS와 비교해 혈역학적 지표들의 유의한 증가를 유도했으나, 연초 스틱 간 통계적 차는 없었다. CVT는 두 가지 연초 스틱 사용에 따라 유의하게 감소했으며, 연초 스틱의 종류에 따라 CVT 저하에 통계적 차가 있었다. 이상의 결과들은 HTPs 에어로졸 노출이 사용 기기와 독립적으로 연소담배와 동등한 급성 심혈관 효과를 유도할 수 있으며, 연초 스틱의 종류에 따라 급성 CAR 저하가 강화될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4725-4732
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• 2012

Aim: The incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram is highest in India. We have conducted a population based matched case-control study to identify environmental and genetic risk factors in this geographical area. Methods: A total of 102 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 204 matched healthy population controls were recruited. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by PCR and H. pylori infections were determined by ELISA. Results: Tobacco-smoking was found to be an important risk factor for high incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram. Meiziol (local cigarette) smoking was a more important risk factor than other tobacco related habits. Cigarette, tuibur (tobacco smoke infused water) and betel nut consumption synergistically increased the risk of stomach cancer. Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were not found to be directly associated with stomach cancer in Mizoram. However, they appeared to be effect modifiers. Persons habituated with tobacco smoking and/or tuibur habit had increased risk of stomach cancer if they carried the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTT1 non-null genotype. Conclusion: Tobacco smoking, especially meiziol is the important risk factor for stomach cancer in Mizoram. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes modify the effect of tobacco habits. This study is a first step in understanding the epidemiology of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India.