• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1997

The field experiment for field desalinization by precultivation of orchard crops were carried out to evaluate relationship between the varieation of chlorine contents of soil and crop uptake in the upland diverted from paddy field. After harvest of grass crops, soil samples were taken for analysis of chlorine contents of soil layers. Regardless of kinds of grass crops cutivated, contents of soil chlorine were decreased comparing to non-crop plot. Chlorine content in plant harvested at just before the flowering stage was much higher than that of after flowering. Chlorine uptake and dry matter were increased in order of Italian ryegrass, Perennial ryegrass, and Sudan grass. Positive correlations were showed between chlorine uptake and dry matter. The content of soil chlorine decreased by higher yield of dry matter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1404-1410
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• 2012

In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of several mixtures of high tanniniferous non legumes with low tanniniferous legumes on in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry matter degradation, Ammonia-N, methane production and microbial population. Eight treatments were examined in a randomized complete block design using four non-legumes and two legumes (Carallia integerrima${\times}$Leucaena leucocephala (LL) (Trt 1), C. integerrima${\times}$Gliricidia sepium (GS) (Trt 2), Aporosa lindeliyana${\times}$LL (Trt 3), A. lindeliyana${\times}$GS (Trt 4), Ceiba perntandra${\times}$LL (Trt 5), C. perntandra${\times}$GS (Trt 6), Artocarpus heterophyllus${\times}$LL (Trt 7), A. heterophyllus${\times}$GS (Trt 8). The condensed tannin (CT) content of non legumes ranged from 6.2% (Carallia integerrima) to 4.9% (Ceiba perntandra) while the CT of legumes were 1.58% (Leucaena leucocephala) and 0.78% (Gliricidia sepium). Forage mixtures contained more than 14% of crude protein (CP) while the CT content ranged from 2.8% to 4.0% respectively. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in in vitro gas production (IGVP) within treatments over a 48 h period dominated by C. perntandra${\times}$G. sepium (Trt 6). The net gas production (p<0.05) was also high with Trt6 followed by A. heterophyllus${\times}$L. leucocephala (Trt 7) and A. heterophyllus${\times}$G. sepium (Trt 8). Highest (p>0.05) NH3-N (ml/200 mg DM) production was observed with the A. heterophyllus${\times}$G. sepium (Trt 8) mixture which may be attributed with it's highest CP content. The correlation between IVGP and CT was 0.675 while IVGP and CP was 0.610. In vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD) was highest in Trt 8 as well. Methane production ranged from 2.57 to 4.79 (ml/200 mg DM) to be synonimous with IVGP. A higher bacteria population (p<0.05) was found in C. perntandra${\times}$G. sepium (Trt 6) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus+G. sepium (Trt 8) and the same trend was observed with the protozoa population as well. The results show that supplementing high tannin non leguminous forages by incremental substitution of legume forage increased gas production parameters, NH3-N, IVDMD and microbial population in the fermentation liquid. Methane production was not significantly affected by the presence of CT or different levels of CP in forage mixtures. Among non legumes, Ceiba perntandra and Artocarpus heterophyllus performed better in mixture with L. leucocephala and G. sepium.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.185-196
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• 2024

Objectives: Excess mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been documented. However, research on the disease burden following short-term exposure is scarce. We investigated the cause-specific mortality burden of short-term exposure to PM_2.5 by considering the potential non-linear concentration-response relationship in Korea. Methods: Daily cause-specific mortality rates and PM_2.5 exposure levels from 2010 to 2019 were collected for 8 Korean cities and 9 provinces. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to estimate the non-linear relationship between PM_2.5 exposure and cause-specific mortality levels. We assumed no detrimental health effects of PM_2.5 concentrations below 15 ㎍/m³. Overall deaths attributable to short-term PM_2.5 exposure were estimated by summing the daily numbers of excess deaths associated with ambient PM_2.5 exposure. Results: Of the 2 749 704 recorded deaths, 2 453 686 (89.2%) were non-accidental, 591 267 (21.5%) were cardiovascular, and 141 066 (5.1%) were respiratory in nature. A non-linear relationship was observed between all-cause mortality and exposure to PM_2.5 at lag0, whereas linear associations were evident for cause-specific mortalities. Overall, 10 814 all-cause, 7855 non-accidental, 1642 cardiovascular, and 708 respiratory deaths were attributed to short-term exposure to PM_2.5. The estimated number of all-cause excess deaths due to short-term PM_2.5 exposure in 2019 was 1039 (95% confidence interval, 604 to 1472). Conclusions: Our findings indicate an association between short-term PM_2.5 exposure and various mortality rates (all-cause, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory) in Korea over the period from 2010 to 2019. Consequently, action plans should be developed to reduce deaths attributable to short-term exposure to PM_2.5.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application levels of swine manure fermented with sawdust(SMFS) and degree of the slope on productivity of corn, and nitrogen and organic matter runoff in corn cultivation soil. Main plots were consisted of the degree of slope, such as 0, 5 and 10, and the subplots consisted of application levels of SMFS, such as control, 200kgNha and 400kgNha. Lysimeter was constructed with 0.33m width, 3m length and 0.4m height. Dry matter(DM) yields of corn decreased as the slope increased but there was no significant differences between the degree of the slope. DM yields increased significantly as application levels of SMFS increased (pc0.05). DM yields decreased according to continuous cultivation of corn. Total nitrogen(TN) contents of the whole corn decreased as the slope increased(p<0.05). TN content in SMFS treatments was higher than that of non-SMFS treatment but there was no significantly different between SMFS treatments. TN yields decreased significantly as the slope and the application level of SMFS increased(p<0.05). Nitrogen and organic matter yields in the runoff waters increased as the slope and application levels of SMFS increased. The runoff of nitrogen and organic matter was more affected by the increase of the slope than application levels of SMFS. (Key words : Corn, Runoff, Swine manure, Degree of slope, Lysimeter)

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.571-579
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• 2009

For the flow analysis of reactive compressible media involving energetic materials and metallic confinements, a Hydro-SCCM (Shock Compression of Condensed Matter) tool is developed for handling multi-physics shock analysis of energetics and inerts. The highly energetic flows give rise to the strong non-linear shock waves and the high strain rate deformation of compressible boundaries at high pressure and temperature. For handling the large gradients associated with these complex flows in the condensed phase as well as in the reactive gaseous phase, a new Eulerian multi-fluid method is formulated. Mathematical formulation of explosive dynamics involving condensed matter is explained with an emphasis on validating and application of hydro-SCCM to a series of problems of high speed multimaterial dynamics in nature.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38.2-38.2
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• 2016

The mapping of dark matter clustering from real to redshift spaces introduces the anisotropic property to the measured density power spectrum in redshift space, known as the Redshift Space Distortion (hereafter RSD) effect. The mapping formula is intrinsically non-linear, which is complicated by the higher order polynomials due to the indefinite cross correlations between the density and velocity fields, and the Finger-of-God (hereafter FoG) effect due to the randomness of the peculiar velocity field. Furthermore, the rigorous test of this mapping formula is contaminated by the unknown non-linearity of the density and velocity fields, including their auto- and cross-correlations, for calculating which our theoretical calculation breaks down beyond some scales. Whilst the full higher order polynomials remains unknown, the other systematics can be controlled consistently within the same order truncation in the expansion of the mapping formula, as shown in this paper. The systematic due to the unknown non-linear density and velocity fields is removed by separately measuring all terms in the expansion using simulations. The uncertainty caused by the velocity randomness is controlled by splitting the FoG term into two pieces, 1) the non-local FoG term being independent of the separation vector between two different points, and 2) the local FoG term appearing as an indefinite polynomials which is expanded in the same order as all other perturbative polynomials. Using 100 realizations of simulations, we find that the best fitted non-local FoG function is Gaussian, with only one scale-independent free parameter, and that our new mapping formulation accurately reproduces the observed power spectrum in redshift space at the smallest scales by far, up to k ~ 0.3 h/Mpc, considering the resolution of future experiments.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.409-422
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of organic matters based on the distribution and oxidation rates, as noted according to the spatial and temporal variations from 2008 to 2016. Generally speaking, the Han River system is separated into one lower course and two upper courses which are the Namhan River and Bukhan River. The seasonal factor is one of the most important causes of water quality changing in both of the upper courses as a result of a few pollution sources. The concentration of organic matter was measured as higher in the lower course into which great streams with point and non-point sources were identified. According to seasonal variations, however, the change of the organic matter in the lower course is comparatively slighter than that of organic matters in the upper courses. The oxidation rates related to the BOD were 15 %, 17 % and 26 % in the Bukhan River, Namhan River and the lower course, respectively. These results could be explained that more biodegradable organic matter were seen to have existed in the lower courses comparing to the activity in the upper course. The oxidation rates of the BOD were noted as relatively higher in the eutrophicated places with phytoplankton. Therefore the BOD is one of the good index models to find the characteristic of the eutrophicated water. On the other hand BOD would not be enough to estimate concentration of refractory organic matters in the Bukhan and Namhan river. Consequently, both of the TOC and BOD are necessary indices to understand the identified refractory and/or biodegradable characteristics of organic matter.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.15-23
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of non-bank depository institutions (non-bank financial corporations) lending to firms. The paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from firm-level data and unveiling factors related to access to non-bank financial corporations by firms. Research design, data, and methodology - We used the data on borrowing by firms from CRETOP from years 2008 to 2011. Using the manufacturing industry, we examined what firm-level characteristics explained the increase in borrowing from non-bank financial corporations rather than the banks. Results - Analyzing the firm-level data from 2008 to 2011, we found that firms were more likely to borrow from non-bank financial insti­tutions as the size of the firm increases, implying that large firms have more access to non-bank financing than small and medium-sized firms. In addition, it also showed that small and medium-sized firms moved to non-bank financial corporations for loans. Conclusion - Non-bank depository institutions are not a sub­stitute for bank lending to firms. More specifically, they replace bank lending to firms mostly for large firms rather than small and medium-sized firms. Also, collateral and other firm-level characteristics do not matter in accounting for non-bank lending to firms.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.343-344
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1161-1162
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• 2004