• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.71-92
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• 2019

Objectives : To examine various ways non-glutinous rice has been applied in different formulas of "Shanghanlun" and the relationship between non-glutinous rice and the formulas' effects. Methods : First, texts that included non-glutinous rice were selected from the "Shanghanlun". Then, they were categorized according to the application of non-glutinous rice, followed by analysis of its relationship with each formula. Results : Most formulas that used non-glutinous rice in raw form when decocting with other ingredients included Shigao. Non-glutinous rice alleviates coldness of Shigao as in the case with Taohuatang where it stops diarrhea. Non-glutinous rice used in Wumeiwan warms the center and boosts Qi and helps the medicinal ingredients to bind when made into pellets. In Guizhitang and Lizhongwan, non-glutinous rice assists Stomach Qi. In Shizaotang, porridge is taken after diarrhea to help quick recovery. To prevent damage of Zheng Qi, Baisan can be mixed with rice water for administration. The level of cathartic effect can be managed through giving cold or hot porridge to the patient according to his/her response to the medicine. Mazirenwan, Mulizexiesan, Banxiasan, Sinisan, Wulingsan are mixed in rice water for administration. It makes it easier to swallow than when mixed with plain water. The application of rice flour is either internal or external. In Zhufutang, where rice flour is parched, it harmonizes the center and stops diarrhea. In Daqinglongtang when there is too much perspiration, warm powder is sprinkled on the skin to stop sweating. Clear porridge in Jiuziyisifang and rice flour in Shechuangzisan were exclusive to "Jinguiyaolue", while Baisan and rice water mixture could only be found in "Shanghanlun". Conclusions : The excavation and research on various ways non-glutinous rice was applied in treatment holds certain meaning in contemporary practice of Korean Medicine where treatment leans heavily on medicinal treatment rather than food, and all ingredients are boiled together in large quantities for most decoctions.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2017

This study investigated the quality characteristics of baked rice cake using dry and wet rice flour. The moisture contents, color values, texture and sensory evaluation(attribute difference and acceptance) for the samples were tested. The moisture content of baked rice cake was the highest in rice cake baked with non- glutinous rice of dry type, and rice cake baked in dry type had weaker brownishness and therefore had higher brightness value compared to the rice cake baked in wet type. In relation to the texture, the hardness was found to be the highest in the rice cake baked with wet non- glutinous rice, and the rice cake baked with glutinous rice was found to be soft. The hardness was the lowest in both wet and dry glutinous rice, and was the highest in the wet non- glutinous rice. Attribute difference test of samples showed that, the rice cake baked with glutinous rice showed clear manifestation of springiness, moistness, adhesiveness, and gumminess (except for the harness). Although the cake baked with dry rice powder showed no significant difference, the dry glutinous rice flour was preferred the most. The rice cake baked with wet glutinous rice flour was preferred the most in terms of flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the product characteristics of 'Songhwasulgi,' which combines different kinds of pine pollen flours and sugars with non-glutinous, rich flour. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that the larger amount of pine pollen flour was mixed with non-glutinous rice flour higher level of bitterness, softness, and feeling after-swallowing was obtained degree of chewiness was in relation to the lesser amount of pine pollen flour. With regard to color, a higher acceptance level was achieved as the lesser amount of pine pollen flour was incorporated with non-glutinous rice How. On the other hand, it was revealed that the category of adding a honey to $7\%$ of pine pollen flour was found to be the highest level of flavor and overall quality According to the results of texture evaluation, the degree of hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness decreased as the larger amount of pine pollen flour was combined with non-glutinous rice flour. It was also found that the springiness of the texture tended to be low as more pine pollen flour was added. In addition, the degrees of gumminess and chewiness was inversely related to the amount of pine pollen flour With respect to a correlation between sensory evaluation and mechanical test, it was found that Songhwasulgi with higher acceptance level for color and flavor also obtained a higher level of hardness and overall quality.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2010

This article examines the types of tteok (Korean rice cake) recorded in 21 old literatures of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909) according to its main ingredients. Tteok varieties of the Joseon dynasty were categorized into jjin-tteok, chin-tteok, jijin-tteok, salmeun-tteok and guun-tteok and their changes in cooking method were discussed from the early to late eras of the Joseon dynasty. These can be summarized as follows. In the early, middle and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, there were 1, 15 and 84 kinds of tteok using non-glutinous rice as the main ingredient, and 6, 24 and 120 kinds using glutinous rice, respectively. Tteok using wheat flour was not found in the early Joseon dynasty, whereas 6 and 32 kinds were found in the middle and late eras, respectively. There were 1, 4 and 5 kinds of tteoks using buckwheat, and 5, 11 and 19 kinds using other ingredients such as yam, barley, elephant's ear, oat, and arrowroot flour, in the early, middle and late eras, respectively. The frequency of the main ingredient increased in the order of glutinous rice>non-glutinous rice>wheat flour>other ingredient>buckwheat flour during the Joseon dynasty and the ratio of tteoks using non-glutinous and glutinous rice flours was 1:1.5. The number and types of tteok were noted to increase abruptly throughout the Joseon dynasty. This may be associated with the commercial industrial development that prevailed in the late Joseon dynasty. Further study will be conducted on their recipes and ingredients recorded in these old literatures to develop a standardized recipe for the globalization of tteok.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2014

The study explores the sensory properties of Backsulgi prepared with dry non-glutinous rice flour sweetened with various sweeteners(sugar, honey, oligosaccharide, trehalos, erythritol and accesulfame K). Sensory attributes of Backsulgi were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis(QDA), PCA and PLSR. The QDA results revealed that the sample sweetened with trehalose showed highest value in dryness, and samples with accesulfame K, honey and erythriol had relatively high levels in moisture and springiness. Principle component analysis (PCA) results showed 78.89 % of the total variation with PC1 (54.92%) and PC2 (23.98%), respectively. The samples with accesulfame K(AF) and honey, which showed high values in moisture level, springiness and sweet taste, showed similar attributes which led to a positive direction of PC1. The correlation between the sensory attributes and consumer acceptance showed that the most important factors for high consumer acceptance were moistness, springiness, sweet taste and sweet flavor. Overall, the samples with accesulfame K(AF) had the closest position in the PLSR results with highest overall consumer satisfaction.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.517-525
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify appropriate sweeteners that could improve the dryness, while reducing calorie by adding various sweeteners to Sulgitteok using dry non-glutinous rice flour. Of six sweeteners (sucrose, trehalose, honey, acesulfame K, oligosaccharide, and erythritol) added, Sulgitteok with acesulfame K had the highest moisture content, whereas Sulgitteok with trehalose had the lowest moisture content. The moisture content of all samples were decreased when storage period was increased except the sample added with trehalose. Sulgitteok with erythritol had the highest L-value, whereas Sulgitteok with oligosaccharide had the lowest L-value. The L-value and b-value of Sulgitteok samples decreased when storage period was increased. Sulgitteok with trehalose had the highest hardness, whereas Sulgitteok with oligosaccharide had the lowest hardness. The hardness increased in all samples when storage period was increased. Sulgitteok sweetened with acesulfame K and honey had the highest acceptance.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.677-683
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• 2006

Glutinous rice cake(Chalduk) was made by varying the hours of soaking time of glutinous rice in the water(0, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours). After storage for various periods, the sensory and physical characteristics and the degree of gelatinization were examined in order to determine the effect of glutinous rice soaking period on the quality of Chalduk. The results of the study are summarized as follows. In the sensory test, 8-hour water soaking produced the significantly highest score for salty taste, while 0-hour water soaking had the lowest score. Four-hour water soaking had the significantly highest score for the degree of chewiness. Eight-hour water soaking had the significantly highest score for overall desirability. For the moisture content of Chalduk covered with bean flour, 8-hour water soaking produced the highest moisture content but the difference was not significant. For the degree of gelatinization, 8-hour water soaking had the highest maltose content, which confirmed the suitability of 8-hour water soaking glutinous rice. Eight-hour water soaking had the lowest hardness. With increasing storage period, the hardness sharply increased. Elasticity was higher for the long-period immersed samples than for the non-immersed samples. In conclusion, an 8-hour soaking time for glutinous rice in water was proposed to maximize the Chalduk quality.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.294-294
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main agricultural crops in Asian countries, including Korea, and is considered as the most important staple food in the world. Rice is also processed into flour, which is consumed through various foods such as cake, noodle, bread, and confectionary. Rice flour quality is highly dependent on variety and milling conditions. Producing rice flour with fine particles is more difficult than wheat flour because of its grain hardness. The Korean rice varieties representing different amylose contents were selected for this study. The relationship between the morphological and starch characteristics of rice kernels and the appropriate varieties for producing good-quality, dry-milled rice flour were examined. The hardness of the rice kernels was determined by measuring the pressure at the grain breakage point. The damaged starch content of the rice flour was determined using a Megazyme starch damage assay kit. The particle-size distribution of the rice flour was measured as the volume-base distribution using a laser-diffraction particle size analyzer. The mean particle-size distribution of the dry-milled flour obtained was between $65.3{\sim}105.1{\mu}m$ among the rice varieties. The opaque, non-glutinous, Seolgaeng rice demonstrated a narrow peak at the fine size, whereas the entire particle-distribution range for other varieties was wide. Seolgaeng exhibited significantly lower damaged starch content of dry-milled flour than the other varieties (p < 0.05). Seolgaeng showed lowest in energy consumption on rice flour production with 200 mesh particle size. Accordingly, it is possible to produce dry-milled rice flour which is similar to wheat flour that would considerably reduce milling costs.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.685-693
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• 2003

본 연구는 보양식으로 이용해 왔던 흑임자죽의 제조 조건을 최적화하기 위해 적정한 표준 조리법의 재료배합비에 따른 품질적 특성을 비교하여 최적 recipe를 산출하였다. 이로써 흑임자죽 제조를 위해 주재료인 깨의 첨가량과 쌀의 종류 및 첨가형태에 따른 죽의 물성 특성과 전체적인 선호도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 깨의 첨가량에 의한 흑임자죽의 품질 특성으로, 색도 변화는 깨의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도는 감소하였고, 적색도와 황색도는 증가하였다. 또한 점도(p＜0.05), 색상(p＜0.01), 고소한 맛(p＜0.01), 쓴맛(p＜0.01), 외관(p ＜0.01), 전체 선호도(p＜0.05)에서 깨의 첨가량에 따라 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 점도, 색상, 고소한 맛과 외관에 대한 선호도의 평가는 흑임자 함량 33g(40%)일 때 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 흑임자 함량 44g(52%)일 때 쓴맛에 대한 선호도가 가장 높았다. 전체적인 선호도는 흑임자 함량 40%일 때 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 쌀의 종류에 따른 흑임자죽의 특성으로, 색도 변화는 찹쌀 50g(60%) 첨가한 것이 명도, 적색도, 황색도 모두 높게 나타났다. 쌀의 형태에 의한 변화로는 찹쌀가루 60%를 첨가한 것이 명도가 높게 나타났고 적색도는 멥쌀가루 15g(18%), 황색도는 멥쌀가루 25g(30%)를 첨가하였을 때 높게 나타났다. 또한 점도, 색상, 고소한 맛, 쓴맛, 외관, 전체 선호도에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 점도에 대한 선호도의 평가는 멥쌀만 50g (멥쌀 : 찹쌀=100% : 0%) 첨가했을 때 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 색상과 고소한 맛에 대한 선호도 평가는 멥쌀 50g(60%)일 때 가장 높았으며, 쓴맛에 대한 선호도는 멥쌀 50g, 멥쌀:찹쌀=35g : 15(7:3)g과, 멥쌀 : 찹쌀=15g : 35(3:7)g일 때 가장 높았다. 외관에 대한 선호도는 멥쌀 : 찹쌀=35g:15g, 전체적인 선호도는 멥쌀 50g일 때 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 쌀의 형태를 달리하여 첨가하였을 때 점도(p＜0.05), 색상(p＜0.01), 고소한 맛(p＜0.01), 쓴맛(p＜0.01), 외관(p＜0.01), 전체 선호도(p＜0.01)에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내고 있다. 점도, 색상, 고소한 맛, 쓴맛, 외관, 전체적인 선호도에 대한 평가는 모두 결과가 멥쌀가루 50g(60%) 첨가했을 때 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 소금 첨가량에 의한 흑임자죽의 색도 변화는 소금의 첨가량이 7g(9%)일 때 명도가 높게 나타났고, 적색도와 황색도는 소금함량 5g(6%)일 때 높았다. 또한 점도(p＜0.01), 색상(p＜0.01), 고소한 맛(p ＜0.01), 쓴맛(p＜0.01), 외관(p＜0.01), 전체 선호도(p＜0.01)에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 점도, 색상, 고소한 맛, 쓴맛, 외관, 전체적인 선호도에 대한 평가는 모두 소금 함량 2.5g(3%)일 때 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 4. 흑임자죽의 점도 특성으로는 재료의 첨가량에 비례하여 전반적으로 증가하였고, 온도 변화에 따라 온도가 높아질수록 낮은 점도를 나타내었고, 온도가 낮아질수 록 점도 값이 높았다. 5. 당도와 퍼짐성의 특성으로는 첨가재료의 첨가량에 비례하여 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 흑임자죽 제조의 최적화를 위해 첨가재료와 배합비에 따른 흑임자죽의 물성 특성 변화와 선호도 분석 결과를 통하여 흑임자죽의 최적 배합 조건이 산출되었다. 즉 흑임자죽 제조를 위한 최적 재료 배합 비는 주재료에서는 흑임자 첨가량 33g(40%), 쌀의 형태와 종류별 첨가량은 멥쌀(가루) 50g(60%), 소금 2.5g, 물 500$m\ell$ 첨가가 최적 비율로 산출되었다.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2010

Strawberry powder was incorporated into Baikseolgi by substituting the non-glutinous rice flour in the range of 0-8% based on the total weight of the non-glutinous rice flour and the effects on physicochemical and sensory properties were investigated. pH decreased significantly with the higher amount of strawberry powder in the formulation whereas titratable acidity showed a reverse trend (p<0.05). Moisture content also decreased significantly with the increasing amount of strawberry. Lightness ($L^{*}$-value) decreased significantly with higher strawberry powder concentration, indicating that the color of Baikseolgi became dark as also indicated by the visual observation. Redness ($a^{*}$-value) and yellowness ($b^{*}$-value), on the other hand, increased significantly with the substitution of strawberry powders up to 8% (p<0.05). Increases in strawberry powder concentration up to 8% in the Baikseolgi formulation significantly increased the intensities of sensory color, flavor, and taste attributes; on the other hand, the intensities of sensory moistness and chewiness decreased significantly (p<0.05). Results from the consumer test revealed that control received the highest acceptability scores in all attributes but 4% sample also obtained the competitive scores. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis revealed several very highly significant linear correlation between the means used to access physicochemical, sensory properties, and consumer preferences.