• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2012

This research evaluated the effectiveness of organic matter ratios in substrate and mulching materials under mn-irrigated condition green roofs by measuring the effects on growth of Liatris spicata. Four mulching materials were installed, i. e. nun-mulched control(CON), volcanic ash soils(VAS), non-woven black fabric mat(NBM) and pine bark(PAK). Three levels of organic maller volume percentage in an amended soil were evaluated, amended soil: organic matter=100:0($A_1O_0$), amended soil: organic matter=80:20($A_4O_1$) and amended soil: organic matter=50:50($A_1O_1$). Plant height, number of leaves, diameter of flower stalk, number of florets, chlorophyll contents, shoot fresh and dry weight were recorded from April to September, 2010, and survival rate was examined on May 2011 of the following year. In the $A_1O_0$, the number of leaves, number of florets and chlorophyll contents were higher in Liatris spicata grown on NBM than other mulching treatments. Especially, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight were significantly higher. However, it resulted the lowest survival rate than other mulching treatments. 2. In the $A_4O_1$, the plant height, number of leaves, number of florets, shoot fresh and dry weight were higher than other mulching treatments, but there was no significant difference except for the plant height of Liatris spicata grown on NBM. The survival rate was decreased by 40~60%, compared with $A_1O_0$, after overwintering. 3. In the $A_1O_1$, the plant height, number of leaves, diameter of flower stalk, number of florets, chlorophyll contents, shoot fresh and dry weight were slightly higher than other mulching treatments, but there was no significant difference from Liatris spicata grown on NBM and VAS. The survival rate was observed by 0% over all mulching treatments after overwintering. Therefore, the non-woven black fabric mat(NBM) promoted the Liatris spicata's growth and flowering compared with other mulching treatments. However, the survival rate was decreased significantly, and the organic matter ratios were increased after overwintering under non-irrigated green roofs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effective application method, uptake, and translocation of germanium(Ge) in mungbean plants. The foliar application of liquid Ge at 7 mg/l during the flowering period, seeds containing 38.7, $14.1{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. It had 2.5 and 2.3 times more Ge than the seeds raised by using granule Ge at 7 mg/kg with basal fertilization. The foliar application of Ge at 3.5, 7, 14 and 28 mg/l during the flowering period, yielded a relatively high record of seeds containing $14.9{\sim}77.8{\mu}g/kg$ and $6.9{\sim}26.7{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. However, seeds from the first harvesting contained $2.2{\sim}4.1$ times more Ge than the seeds of from the second harvesting. On the other hand, seeds from first and second harvesting of the non-treatment group Ge contained 1.9 and $3.2{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. When the foliar application of Ge at 7 mg/l was conducted two or three times, the Ge content of the seeds in the first to third harvesting were all over $20{\mu}g/kg$. This indicates that a certain level of Ge can be accumulated. In seeds of mungbean containing $96{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, cotyledon had $138{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, which was 79% more than seed coat per unit weight. The growth and quantity of mungbean was not significantly different according to the formulation of Ge, the concentration and the frequency of foliar application of Ge used for in study.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of uniconazole treatment on the growth and flowering of potted Chrysanthemum indicum L. for high quality pot plant production. Uniconazole was drenched at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot at 14 days after planting (DAP) of rooted cuttings. Simultaneously the short-day treatment (SDT) and pinching were adapted. The same amount of uniconazole (0.05 mg a.i./pot) was spilt drenched at once, twice, and three times, respectively, at 1 week interval. Uniconazole markedly reduced plant height, branch length, and stem diameter. Plant height was reduced linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot up-to 41.6%, 52.5%, and 58.5%, respectively. In 0.05 mg a.i./pot, the number of branches greatly increased and plant height of 22.6 cm was adequate for pot plant. However, higher concentrations (0.10, 0.15 mg a.i.) were not suitable for production of high quality pot plant (17.0, 14.8 cm, respectively). Pinching and SDT decreased the number of days to visible bud, while uniconazole treatments delayed days to visible bud by 5-9 days compared with pinching and SDT. Number of visible buds was highest at 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole treatment. However, flower diameter was decreased by uniconazole treatment, resulting in compact form. Number of stomata was increased by uniconazole treatment. The length of vascular tissues of uniconazole-treated plants ($11.2{\mu}m$) was smaller than that of non-treated plants ($15.0{\mu}m$, and the size of xylem vessel was also decreased. Uniconazole treatment at 0.05 mg a.i./pot at 14 DAP with pinching and SDT were recommended for pot plant production of C. indicum L.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.73-80
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• 2011

To investigate the characteristics of plant growth and flower quality of gerbera 'Sunny Lemon' by amount of nutrient solution, young seedling plants, 'Sunny Lemon' were transplanted to rock-wool and medium of peat moss and perlite mixed with 1 to 2 and they were acclimatized in greenhouse during about 1 month. Nutrient solution supplied to the plants is sonneveld solution of 1/2 concentration and treatments launched June 24, 2010 when average plant height was $20{\pm}1cm$. Nutrient contents as a standard for starting point of irrigation by time domain reflectometry (TDR) were determined with 60-65%, 70-75%, and 80-85%. Results of growth during vegetative growth, plant height, leaf width and leaf number increased by 10% in rockwool, but they were not significantly different. As for plant growth depending on nutrient content, 80-85% treatment showed the highest values. Leaf number increased by 60%, and leaf width and plant height had a about 40% increase than initial growth. Effectiveness for flower quality, yield and days to flowering were superior when nutrient content of media was higher than in the others. Especially, average days to flowering in 80-85% content was advanced by 7-10 days compared to the day in 60-65% treatment. The total amount of nutrient supply per plant was higher in mixed medium than in rockwool, but change patterns of EC and pH were enhanced in rockwool. Based on our results, we recommended that growth, cut flower, and yield of gerbera 'Sunny Lemon' were more effective when nutrient content of mixed medium was maintained at 80-85%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.115-133
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• 1974

This study was done on the metabolism of chemical components during the seed development of ginseng. The changes of the chemical components were inspected in the following periods: from the early stage of flower organ formation to flowering time, from the early stage of fruiting to maturity, during the moisture stratification before sowing. From flower bud forming stage to meiosis stage, the changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, contents of carbohydrates, and contents of nitrogen compounds were slight while the content of TCA soluble phosphorus and especially the content of organic phosphorus increased markedly. From meiosis stage to microspore stage the fresh and dry weights increase greatly. Also, the total nitrogen content increases in this period. Insolub]e nitrogen was 62-70% of the total nitrogen content; the increase of insoluble nitrogen seems to have resulted form the synthesis of protein. The content of soluble sugar (reducing and non-reducing sugar) increases greatly but there was no observable increase in starch content. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus reached the maximum level of 85.4% of the total phosphorus. TCA insoluble phosphorus remained at the minimum content level of 14.6%. After the pollen maturation stage and during the flowering period the dry weight increased markedly and insolub]e nitrogen also increased to the level of 67% of the total nitrogen content. Also in this stage, the organic phosphorus content decreased and was found in lesser amounts than inorganic phosphorus. A rapid increase in the starch content was also observed at this stage. In the first three weeks after fruiting the ginseng fruit grows rapidly. Ninety percent of the fresh weight of ripened ginseng seed is obtained in this period. Also, total nitrogen content increased by seven times. As the fruits ripened, insoluble nitrogen increased from 65% of the total nitrogen to 80% while soluble nitrogen decreased from 35% to 20%. By the beginning of the red-ripening period, the total phosphoric acid content increased by eight times and was at its peak. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus was 90% of total phosphorus content and organic phosphorus had increased by 29 times. Lipid-phosphorus, nucleic acid-phosphorus and protein-phosphorus also increased during this stage. The rate of increase in carbohydrates was similar to the rate of increase in fresh weight and it was observed at its highest point three weeks after fruiting. Soluble sugar content was also highest at this time; it begins to decrease after the first three weeks. At the red-ripening stage, soluble sugar content increased again slightly, but never reached its previous level. The level of crude starch increased gradually reaching its height, 2.36% of total dry weight, a week before red-ripening, but compared with the content level of other soluble sugars crude starch content was always low. When the seeds ripened completely, more than 80% of the soluble sugar was non-reducing sugar, indicating that sucrose is the main reserve material of carbohydrates in ginseng seeds. Since endosperm of the ripened ginseng seeds contain more than 60% lipids, lipids can be said to be the most abundant reserve material in ginseng seeds; they are more abundant than carbohydrates, protein, or any other component. During the moisture stratification, ginseng seeds absorb quantities of water. Lipids, protein and starch stored in the seeds become soluble by hydrolysis and the contents of sugar, inorganic phosphorus, phospho-lipid, nucleic acid-phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and soluble nitrogen increase. By sowing time, the middle of November, embryo of the seeds grows to 4.2-4.7mm and the water content of the seeds amounts to 50-60% of the total seed weight. Also, by this time, much budding material has been accumulated. On the other hand, dry stored ginseng seeds undergo some changes. The water content of the seeds decreases to 5% and there is an observable change in the carbohydraes but the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds did not change as much as carbohydrates.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2014

In order to seek more eco-friend, economic and safer quarantine method than current methyl bromide fumigation, the convergent treatment with 200 Gy of gamma irradiation and several chemicals such as nano-siver particles (NSS), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was tried on the cuttings of lily in the packing of catonnage box for export. With 6 independent experiments of gamma irradiation on the three lily cultivars, cvs. Siberia, Le reve and Sorbonne, incidence and severity of lily leaf blight was investigated on leaves and petals at 8-d after infection. 200 Gy of gamma irradiation decreased at 13-25% of severity on the leaf of Sorbonne, but it increased at 2-5% of severity on the leaf of Siberia and Le reve. Chemical substitutes such as NSS and NaDCC were not effective to control of lily blight on cuttings. By 200 Gy of gamma irradiation treatment, chlorophyll contents were statistically significantly decreased at 12-d after irradiation and the longevities vaselife of fully open flower of Siberia and Sorbonne were increased at 0.4 to 1.2 days. In addition, the relative fresh weights of the gamma irradiated cuttings were severely dried compared to the non-irradiated control. On the other hands, the symptoms of phyto-toxicity of high dose gamma irradiation at 1 or 2 kGy on cv. Siberia were to be blight at the tip of bloom, bent necks of flower, and delayed the process of flowering.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1995

The ergot fungus requiers a rather long time for the incubation period for a disease and fungus tends to obstract the formation of the seeds. In order to do an experiment inoculated, a spore of ergot fungi into the florets was done 2-3 days before flowering. As a result, each trisomic types recognized the infection rate to be 90% to 100% so the trisomies of complete immunity was non existent in durum wheat, Triticum durum var. hordeiforme. However, the growth rate of large sclerotium than seeds differed mutually with each trisomic types. This tend to be sensitivity on the trisomies which has been the extra chromosomes of 2A, 4A and 7B in comparison with normal plant but the trisomies related to Tri-6A line was not forming the sclerotium of large size than seeds and grew outside the florets. Consequently, the resisitant gene against ergot fungi was considered to be existing on the chromosome 6A. The ergot fungi requires a long time for the incubation period until it is taken away from infection. The essential effect of resistant gene did not surmise on the chromosome 6A that gene concerned with the physiological effect to restrain the growing up of a ergot fungi in the growing process of plants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.31-36
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• 1972

These studies were carried out to find out the proper plant spacing and the optimum amount of nitrogen for maximum yield, on the occasion of early planting with creen vegetable (soybean for cook with rice) at the low temperature in early spring. The plant spacing were applied in 5 levels (50cm$\times$5cm, 50cm$\times$10cm, 40cm$\times$10cm, 30cm$\times$10cm and 30cm$\times$20cm) and the amount of nitrogen were applied in 4 levels (non, standard, twice and triple-amount), The triple super phosphate and potassium chloride were applied only in standard amount. The promotion of flowering was practised by the short-day treatment for 10 days (11 hr. a day). The variety examined was the early maturing one, HOKKAI # 1. and the results are as follow. 1. The plant spacing for maximum yield by the promotion of branch, pod and garin per a plant recognized the fact that there were 2 levels (50cm$\times$10cm and 30cm$\times$20cm planting method) and the maximum yield by the promotion of pod and grain per area showed the fact that there were 2 levels (50cm$\times$5cm and 30cm$\times$10cm planting method) in narrow planting method. 2. The optimum amount of nitrogen applied for maximum yield of pod and grain per area recognized w hat was sufficient as standard amount.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.69-75
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• 1974

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different amount of nitrogen and deficiency of soil moisture on yield components of soybean. Soybean were seeded on 1/2000a wagner pot. Deficiency of soil moisture was treated at each growth atage of soybean. 1.In case of deficiencyt of soil moisture at the flowering time in the plot of non-nitrogen(NO D3), the growth duration of soybean was shortened about three to four days. 2. The leaf area was greatly affected by the influence of both treatments till 49days after germinating. 3.The increase of stem height, stem doameter,number of branches and lengeh of the branches came to an end about 70 days after seeding. These growing condition of tje soybean were lowest the plot of No D$_1$,in which the frowth of the soybeans were poor at the early stage. 4.The number of pods was not increased by the increase of fertilizing nitrogenous fertilizer. The number of pods was much decreased by the influence of soil mousture deiciency, and under this condition, the proportion of main stem pods and two or three grain pods was high. 5.The 3rd and 4h nodes and the 10th to 12th nodes from bottom had more pods than the other nodes had, but of the plants had grown well, they had more pods on the 3rd and 4th nodes, but if the plants had grown poorly, they had more pods on the 10th to 12th nodes. 6.The content of protein in the soybean was low at the plit of N。D$_4$which had not heavy weight of 100 grains, and the content of oil in the soybean was low in the plot in which each plant had a small number of grains.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.528-533
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cutting height on the yield and nutritive value of brittle culm rice. A brittle culm cultivar, KL501, was compared with a non-brittle culm rice, Seomjinbyeo. The cultivars were grown in paddy until flowering stage at which the first cutting was made followed by the second cutting on October 20. Cutting regime conducted were 0, 5, 10 and 20cm from the surface. Herbage yield, TDN and other nutritive values were measured. As the higher cutting height, crude protein, fat and NFE (nitrogen free extract) contents were increased and crude fiber and ash content were decreased at the first cutting, while those at second cutting were increased except NFE content. Fresh and dry matter yield at 10cm cutting height, Seomjinbyeo was 4.45 and 1.16t /ha, KL501 was 4.71 and 1.14t /ha, respectively. TDN content of first cutting was increased as the higher cutting height, but that of second cutting was decreased. TDN yields of Seomjinbyeo and KL501 at 10cm cutting height were highest by showing 0.63t /ha and 0.61t /ha, respectively.