• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-386
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the changes in energy substrates, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA), and fatty acid compositions in serum, following physiolgical stress in rats fed diets containing various fatty acids. Forty two Sprague-Dawley strain male rats, weighing 108$\pm$2.1g, were fed 3 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 105 fat(w/w) of either corn oil(CO;18:2 n6:57%), plant perilla oil(PO;18:3 n3:59%), or tuna fish oil(FO;20:5 n3:17%%, 22:6 n3:19%). After 4 weeks of feeding, each group wa subdiveided into (a) control, (b) 2 min swim in ice-cold water. Animals wer decapitated 20min after commencing the swim; trunk blood, brain, liver and epididymal fat pad were obtained. The levels of serum corticosterone, glucose, NEFA, triglyceride, fatty acid compositions, brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. Basal levels of corticosterone na NEFA of serum were significantly lower in fish oil fed animals than those of any other oil fed animals. Compared to either perilla oil-fed or corn oil-fed rats, cold swim stress in fish oil fed rats produced significantly smaller NEFA and larger corticosterone responses. However, there was no significant difference in basal levels of serum glucose. Stress increased serum glucose levels slightly, and the amount of increment was larger in fish oil rats than those of any other oil fed rats than those of any other oil fed rats, although all the values were normal level. Dietary fats and stress did not affect serotonin metabolism. In additions, the composition of fatty acids in serum was significantly affected by the dietary compostion of fatty acids and stress. Stress induced decreases in monounsaturated fatty acid and non-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in either perilla oil fed or fish group, but did not in corn oil fed group. Stress resulted in changes in fatty acid metabolism similar to that associated with essential fatty acid(EFA) dificiency, when feeding animals n-3 fatty acids in diet. In conclusion, feeding fish oil was more effective to decrease NEFA in serum than feeding perilla oil or corn oil and improved lipid metabolism, when the rats were maintained in normal or exposed to stressful environment. However, the fact that feeding diet containing n-3 fatty acids decreased EFA status under stress suggests that the requirement of n-6 PUFA should be increased in these groups.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1282-1291
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the hematology and serum chemistry values on Sprague-Dawley rats, used sodium fluoride (NaF) for 5 weeks. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into nine groups and fed experimental diets with oral NaF treatment, basal diet group (BG), basal diet plus oral NaF groups (NF3~NF50). Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid in serum were significantly higher in the oral NaF groups than BG (𝛼=0.05). Total calcium (T-Ca) and phosphorus (Pi) concentrations was observed to be significant difference, it was decreased with an increase in the NaF levels (𝛼=0.05). Accordingly, sodium fluoride exposures and dose-response relationship, which was found on the bad influences in hematology. Such association is considered that the long-term fluoride exposure caused nephrotoxicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.239-248
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• 1994

To study the relationship between certain hormones and metabolites and between hormones and milk yield during different stage of lactation, six lactating Karan Swiss cows and six Murrah buffaloes were maintained. Growth hormone, insulin, $T_3$, $T_4$, glucose, BHBA, NEFA and milk yield were studied. Highly negative relationship of growth hormone with insulin and triiodothyronine in cows and marginally negative in buffaloes suggest that insulin and triiodothyronine aid in the process of partitioning of nutrients towards milk production through reducing the demands of nutrients by peripheral tissue. The significant and negative correlation of growth hormone with dry matter intake in both the species suggest that the availability of nutrients from the digestive tract play a role in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Positive relationship of growth hormone with non esterified fatty acids in both the species suggest that high growth hormone levels may result in fat mobilization and thereby increase the availability of energy precursors for milk synthesis. Insulin was negatively correlated with milk yield and lactose content and positively with milk fat and protein but the degree of relationship varied. In both the species the relationship between triiodothyronine and milk yield was negative and between thyroxine and milk yield was positive. However, it was significant only in cows and not in buffaloes. Thyroxine was positively correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids with milk yield in both the species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1105-1109
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• 2005

The effect of dietary fatty acid supplementation on milk production, milk composition and plasma constituents in dairy cows was examined. Dietary fatty acids including mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid were given to cows from 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production was increased gradually during early lactation period and reached a plateau at 4 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production in lactating cows received dietary fatty acids was significantly higher than that of cows given a control diet alone. Although milk lactose concentration was slightly decreased by dietary fatty acid supplementation, milk fat and protein were not significantly influenced by dietary fatty acid supplementation. Dietary fatty acids did not affect plasma concentrations of triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose during postpartum. It is suggested that dietary fatty acid supplementation has the potency to enhance energy balance and improve milk yield without any adverse effects on milk composition.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.186-193
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of hematology and serum chemistry values on Sprague-Dawley rats, while used krill (Euphausia superba) meal diet for 5 weeks. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into four groups (n=6) and fed experimental diets containing three different krill meal contents and control group; 10.0% krill meal (G10), 20.0% krill meal (G20), 30.0% krill meal (G30), and control group (GC). Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum were significantly lower in the G10, G20, G30 than GC group (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences, at the confidence level of 95%, for the creatinine, uric acid, electrolyte (T-Ca) parameters in the sera were observed in G20 group, G30 group. The concentration of electrolyte (Pi) in serum was no significant difference among the groups (p<0.05). The results indicate that a krill meal diet was effectively reduce the NEFA.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.848-856
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the hematology and serum chemistry values on Sprague-Dawley rats, used krill (Euphausia superba) meal diet and sodium fluoride (NaF) for 5 weeks. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into five groups and fed experimental diets containing three krill meal contents, administrated orally 10 mg of NaF, basal diet group (BG), basal diet plus 10 mg of NaF group (BFG), 10.0% krill meal plus 10 mg of NaF group (KMF10), 20.0% krill meal plus 10 mg of NaF group (KMF20), and 30.0% krill meal plus 10 mg of NaF group (KMF30). Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine in sera were significantly lower in the KMF10, KMF20, KMF30 than BFG (p<0.05). In uric acid concentration KMF10 showed no significant difference with the BFG group, was significantly lower than KMF20 and KMF30 (p<0.05). Total calcium (T-Ca) concentrations was all observed to be no significant difference, was increased with krill meal content (p<0.05). Phosphorus (Pi) concentration was no change in the content of krill meal. Accordingly, krill meal was considered to be effective in improving NEFA and BUN, creatinine, uric acid concentration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.720-728
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of carnitine, as well as plasma lipid level and fatty acid composition, caused by short term supplementation of carnitine in humans. Ten healthy male subjects (21.2 $\pm$ 0.5 years old) received oral carnitine supplementation (4 g/day) as tablets for two weeks. Fasting blood and random urine samples were collected from each subject both prior to and at the end of carnitine supplemention program. Following the 2 weeks of carnitine supplementation, plasma total carnitine (TCNE) concentration increased 20% (85.1 $\pm$ 7.4 vs 67.3 $\pm$ 9.1 $\mu$ mol/1, p> 0.05), while urinary excretion of total carnitine increased ten times compared to the value measured prior to the supplementation (3051 $\pm$ 692 vs 278 $\pm$ 90.1 $\mu$ mol/g creatinine, p < 0.01). Non-esterified carnitine (NEC) comprised from 71 to 88% of TCNE in plasma, and from 32 to 40% of TCNE excreted in the urine. Two weeks of carnitine supplementation in healthy adults significantly elevated plasma level of acid soluble acylcarnitine (ASAC) which is esterified mostly with short chain fatty acids (21.6 $\pm$ 1.6 $\mu$ mol/l) compared to the value measured prior to the supplementation (6.4 $\pm$ 0.8 $\mu$ mol/l) (p < 0.05). Carnitine supplementation significantly increased plasma HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.05), and decreased the atherogenic index (p < 0.05), but failed to cause any significant change in plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. Plasma triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid compositions were not significaly affected as well by the oral supplementation of carnitine in subjects with normal range of blood lipid levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1779-1786
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate soy sauce oil (a by-product of making whole soybean soy sauce) as a new dietary lipid source, a large amount of soy sauce oil was administered into the rumen of dairy cows. Methods: Four Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 56-day experiment. Ruminal administration of soy sauce oil (1 kg/d) was carried out for 42 days from day 8 to day 49 to monitor nutritional, physiological and production responses. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, whereas 4% fat-corrected milk yield and the percentage of milk fat decreased. Although ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportion of individual VFA were partially affected by administration of soy sauce oil, values were within normal ranges, showing no apparent inhibition in rumen fermentation. Administration of soy sauce oil decreased the proportions of milk fatty acids with a carbon chain length of less than 18, and increased the proportions of stearic, oleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk became 5.9 to 8.8 times higher with soy sauce oil administration. Blood serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increased with administration of soy sauce oil, suggesting a higher energy status of the experimental cows. Conclusion: The results suggest that soy sauce oil could be a useful supplement to potentially improve milk functionality without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal health. More detailed analysis is necessary to optimize the supplementation level of this new lipid source in feeding trials.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of 5% mung bean (phaseolus aureus L.) on the blood glucose and lipid metabolism function of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg body weight)-induced diabetic rats. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into four groups (n=6), and fed experimental diets containing mung bean meal [basal diet+5% mung bean (BM), basal diet+STZ+5% mung bean (SM)], and control (BD), BS groups (basal diet+STZ). The results of this study, mung bean diet groups (BM, SM) in lipid composition evidenced the significantly reduction of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), atherosclerotic index (AI), cardiac risk factor (CRF), triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, uric acid, blood glucose, non esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and elevation of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol). The serum albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio) was increased in mung bean supplementation diet than STZ-induced diabetic rats (p<0.05). Concentrations of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in sera were lower in the mung bean diet than diabetic group. Total calcium (T-Ca), phosphorus (Pi) and potassium (K) concentrations in sera were higher in the BM, SM and BD groups than BS group. In vivo experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats showed that ingestion of mung bean (phaseolus aureus L.) were effective in blood glucose and lipid composition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1990

The compositions of lipid class and fatty acid of free lipids as non-starch lipid and bound lipids(extraction either at low or high temperature) as starch-lipid extracted from starch in mung bean(phaseolus radiatus L) was investigated. The contents of neutral lipids glycolipids and phospholipids in free lipids were 98.2% 1.7% and 0.1%, whereas those found in bound lipids were 84.3-85.7% 10.5-11.0%, and 5.2-3.3% respectively The major components of neutral lipid fraction in the bound lipids were triglyceride and esterified sterol and those were composed of 0% of total neutral lipids. Monogalactosyl idiglyceride and esteryl steryl glycoside were observed as main glycolipids components in both free and bound lipids. Among the phospholipids in the bound lipids phosphatidylinositol phosphatidyl serine and phosphati-dyl ethanolamine were identified an major constituents. The free lipids contained palmitic(50.2%) stearic(20.6%) oleic(8.5%) and behenic(7.4%) acids and bound lipids had more palmi-tic and linoleic acids but less stearic acid compared to thosed in the free lipids.