• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1999

In order to investigate the composition and the actual status of extractive nitrogenous compounds in the fresh 'Gae-bul' (echiuroid), a kind of echiurida (Urechis unicinctus), the extract was analyzed separately into extractive nitrogen, free amino acids (FAAs), oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds, using specimens collected at fish market in April 1988. The extractive nitrogen of echiuroid was $601{\sim}610mg/100g$. Thirty-two kinds of FAAs were found, and the total of them in it was $2,437{\sim}2,609\;mg$. Glycine, alanine, taurine, and serine were the major FAAs in the echiuroid extracts. The large amount of glycine $(1,075{\sim}1,171mg)$ was noted in the extract. The sum of ATP and its related compounds was $3.04{\sim}3.12\;{\mu}mol/g$, and predominant compound was the AMP. Besides, CTP, GTP, UTP and their related compounds were also detected, and the total amount of them was $1.92{\sim}3.74\;{\mu}mol/g$. The lower homarine, trigonelline, TMAO, TMA, and creatine were detected in the extracts. The extractive nitrogenous constituents of medium size and large size echiuroid were almost the same level each other. The total nitrogens of the compounds analyzed for each samples accounted for more than 90% of the extractive nitrogen in this study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2000

In order to investigate the composition, seasonal and regional variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the raw anchovy (Engraulis japonica) harvested from June 1991 to June 1992 at Nam-hae and Ki-jang in the southern coast of Korea, the contents of extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), oligopeptides (OP), ATP and its related compounds (ARC), quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds were measured. The EN contents of raw anchovy were $444{\~}773\;mg/100\;g$. Thirty-four kinds of FAA were found and their total amount were $1,049{\~}2,079\;mg/100\;g$. Histidine, taurine, alanine, leucine and glutamic acid were the major free amino acids in the anchovy extracts. The amount of ARC was average $5.02\;{\mu}mol/g$, and IMP was the major compound among them, who and creatine contents in the extracts or raw anchovy were average 164 and 229 mg/100 g, respectively. The contents of glycinebetaine,${\brta}-alaninebetaine,\;{\gamma}-burobetaine$, homarine, TMA, and creatinine were extremely small. As for the regional and seasonal disparities, the Nam-hae samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, betaines and creatine than the Ki-jang samples. On the other hand the Ki-jang samples contained more ARC and TMAO. The spring samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, ARC and betaines than the autumn samples. On the other side the autumn samples contained more TAMO and creatine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2001

In order to investigate the composition and monthly variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the laver Porphyra dentata cultured at the south coast of Korea, the fresh laver was analyzed separately for the amounts of free amino acids, combined amino acids, ATP and its related compounds, and quaternary ammonium basis in fresh laver were measured. The extractive nitrogen contents of fresh laver extracts were 760~870 mg/100g (dry basis). Twenty-seven to thirty-one kinds of free amino acids were detected in the laver extracts and their total amounts were 2,404~3,966 mg/100g (on dry basis). The laver extracts showed rich in free amino acids such as alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid. Sixteen to twenty-three kinds of combined amino acids were detected in the extracts and their total amounts were 1,429~2,692 mg/100g (on dry basis). Proline, glutamic acid, glycine, phosphoserine, serine were the amin combined amino acids in the extracts. The amounts of ATP and related compounds were 73.3~94.4 mg/100 g (2.04~4.43 $\mu$mol/g, on dry basis). Homarine and trigonelline were detected in all specimens but $\beta$-alaninebetaine, ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine were found in some. Small amounts of trimethylamine were detected in all samples. Free and combined amino acids were occupying almost 90% of extractive nitrogen. Most of free and combined amino acids showed a marked monthly variation with a maximum in January and March, and a minimum in February and April. The fresh laver P. dentata did not differ much from the fresh laver P. yezoensis in qualitative com-position of extractive components, but their contents were generally low level.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1987

Under the different conditions of planting density and compound fertilizer level, some agronomic and chemical characteristics of burley tobacco were investigated from 1982 to 1984. Leaf area and dry leaf weight per plant, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate for 40-60 days after transplanting were higher with increasing plant spacing and fertilizer, but leaf area index was lower with increasing plant spacing. At topping stage, the leaf size was increased with increasing plant spacing and amount of fertilizer applied and the stem diameter was increased by increasing plant spacing. Leaf area, leaf weight per plant and weight per unit leaf area of harvested leaf were higher when plant spacing and fertilizer increased. It was estimated that the optimum plant spacing was 105cm x 34cm and level of com-pound fertilizer (N-P$_2$ O$\sub$5/ -K$_2$O =10-10-20) was 263kg/l0a for high yield. There were trends toward increase the contents of total alkaloid and total nitrogen with increasing plant spacing and fertilizer application. There was significant positive correlation between plant spacing and total nitrogen, and between fertilizer application and total nitrogen. The plant spacing of 105cm x 35 to 40cm and 227.5kg/l0a of fertilizer level may be profitable for farm economy and the low nitrogenous leaf.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.370-379
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• 2002

The composition of extractive nitrogenous constituents in four species of commercial marine seasoned-dried products (SDP) and five species of seasoned-dried and roasted products (SDRP) were analyzed. The extractive nitrogen contents were $688{\sim}1,124$ and $756{\sim}1,099\;mg/100g$ in SDP and SDRP extracts. Contents of Free amino acids such as glutamic acid, taurine, arginine, proline, alanine, and histidine were high in all samples. The combined amino acid amounted to $662{\sim}2,248$ and $1,146{\sim}1,821\;mg/100g$ in SDP and SDRP, respectively, which corresponded to 34.5 and 42.5% of the total free amino acid level. ATP and related compounds were $3.69{\sim}7.37$ and $2.17{\sim}8.45\;{\mu}mol/g$ in SDP and SDRP, respectively. Five types of betaines were detected in both specimens although in small amounts. TMAO, TMA, creatine, and creatinine were detected in both samples, however they have same variation in each sample. There was no significant difference in the extractive nitrogenous constituents between SDP and SDRP except in moisture, salinity, and contents of glutamic acid and creatinin (p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, ions, heavy metals and other contaminations in the water stream and soil of the forest watershed with different geology and vegetations for one year from October 2004 to September 2005. Most of the nitrogen oxide in the soil was in the form of $NO_3^-$, and it appeared that nitrogen contents decreased as the soil depth increased. Nitrogen contents was highest in the basalt area showing 13.3 mg/g in the surface soil and 7.40 mg/g in the subsoil. Phosphorous contents showed no significant variations depending on the soil depth and was higher in the intermediate soil layer(60 cm) than in surface soil (30 cm) in granite and metamorphic rock areas. Nitrogenous compound in the soil water was 8.03 mg/L in the granite area of coniferous forest and 14.79 mg/L in the andesite area of the deciduous forest. Nitrogenous compound in the stream water was 5.53 mg/L in October and 6.99 mg/L in January in the granite area of the coniferous forest and $3.61\sim5.11$ mg/L in the andesite area of the deciduous forest. Phosphates in runoff and stream water were similar in coniferous with in deciduous forests, showing a slight increase(0.090$\sim$0.179 mg/L) in the basalt area. In the coniferous forest, pH showed a significant positive correlation with EC, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ at p < 0.01, and showed a negative correlation with S-Fe and S-Al. Electroconductivity showed a significant correlation of 0.601 with $Ca^{2+}$ and of -0.586 with $NO_3^-$ at p<0.01, and showed a significant correlation of 0.301 with $SO_4^{2-}$ and of -0.295 with S-Fe at p < 0.05. In the deciduous forest, pH showed a positive correlation with $Ca^{2+}$ at p < 0.05, and showed a negative correlation with $K^+$, S-Fe and S-Al at p < 0.01. Electroconductivity showed a significant positive correlation with $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ at p < 0.05 and with $NO_3^-$ at p < 0.01.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1998

For the effective utilization of by-products from pollack, Theragra chalcogramma, processing, low salt fermented pollack tripe were produced and changes in taste compounds of low salt fermented pollack tripe during the controlled freezing point aging were investigated. No significant changes in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were found during aging. The volatile base nitrogen of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased steadily as aging progressed. Contents of amino nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds of extract reached a peak in 50 days of aging, as 190.7 mg% and 2085.8 mg%, respectively. Inosine(HxR) of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased as controlled freezing point aging progressed for 60 days. 18 species of amino acid were detected in raw pollack tripe and law salt fermented pollack tripe aged for 50 days. The major amino acids were tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, lycine, leucine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in raw pollack tripe. After 50 days aging, increase of a series of bitter taste amino acid such as methionine, valine and isoleucine were higher than other amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 1996

In order to investigate the food quality of Korean chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) the composition of extractive nitrogenous components including the free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, guanidino compounds, and quaternary ammonium bases were analyzed. The extractive nitrogen from the muscle ranged from 478 to 649 mg/100 g with little discrepancies by sex, sampling seasons and areas. The large amount of anserine was noted with fairly low level of taurine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and lysine in each extract. After Hydrolysis of the entracts remarkable increases were found in $\pi-methylhistidine,\;\beta-alanine$ from anserine and carnosine. The sum of nucleotides and related compounds of the muscle was $3.32\~9.22\;{\mu}mol/g$, and predominant compound was the inosine 5'-monophosphate. The lower glycinebetaine, $\beta-alaninebetaine$ and homarine were also found in some samples. The trimethylamine oxide content of the muscle was ranged from 107 to 148 mg, and the trimethylamine content was no move than 11 mg in all the collections. The concentrations of creatine in the muscle extracts ranged from 477 to 642 mg, and $8\~11mg$ for creatinine, respectively. The total nitrogens of the compounds analyzed for each samples accounted for more than $90\%$ of the extractive nitrogen in this study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 1994

The possibility of shellfish utilization of juice as seasoning materials was examined through the analyzing proximate compositions and N-containing materials. The amounts of the sucking liquid wastes were estimated as 58,819 tons for oyster, 764 tons for pen-shell, 604 tons for cockle and 3,896 tons for blue-mussel from 1985 to 1990 in Korea. Water contents ranged from 95.2 to $97.4\%$ and crude protein level was $1.0{\sim}1.4\%$. Taurine was the most abundant nitrogenous compound($40{\sim}56\%$) in extracts, and glycine($10.4{\sim}36.1\%$), alanine($4.8{\sim}8.6\%$) and glutamic acid($3.1{\sim}5.3\%$) followed. More than $40\%$ of ADP and AMP as mucleotide were contained in all shellfish samples but pen-shell and cockle had $20\%$ of inosine, also. Glycinebetaine was present in corcentrations of 139.8mg/g in oyster and $45.5{\sim}61.9mg/100g$ in pen-shell, cockle and blue-mussel. Total creatinine and trimethylamine oxide levels were $30.4{\sim}59.1mg/100g$ and $0.82{\sim}47.2mg/100g$, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.77-79
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• 2002

The urea cycle, consisting of a series of six enzymatic reactions, plays key roles to prevent the accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compound and synthesize arginine de novo. Five well characterized diseases have been described, resulting from an enzymatic defect in the biosynthesis of one of the normally expressed enzyme. This presentation will focus on two representative diseases; ornithine transcarbamylase(OTC) deficiency and citrullinemia(argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency). OTC deficiency is one of the most common inborn error of urea cycle, which is inherited in X-linked manner. We identified 17 different mutations in 20 unrelated Korean patients with OTC deficiency; L9X, R26P, R26X, T44I, R92X, G100R, R141Q, G195R, M205T, H214Y, D249G, R277W, F281S, 853 del C, R320X, V323M and 10 bp del at nt. 796-805. These mutations occur at well conserved nucleotide sequences across species or CpG hot spot. The L9X and R26X lead to the disruption of leader sequences, required for directing mitochondrial localization of the OTC precursor. Their phenotypes are severe, and neonatal onset. The G100R, R277W and V323M mutations were uniquely identified in patients with late onset OTC deficiency. The other genotypes are associated with neonatal onset. Out of 20 patients with OTC deficiency, only 6 patients are alive; two were liver transplanted, and normal in growth and development at 2, 4 years after transplantation respectively. Citrullinemia is an autosomal recessive disease, caused by the mutations in the argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS) gene. We identified in 3 major mutations in 11 unrelated Korean patients with citrullinemia; G324S, $IVS6^{-2}$ A to G, and 67 bp ins at nt 1125-1126. Among these, the 67 base pair insertion mutation is novel. The allele frequency of each mutation is; G324S(45%), IVS6-2 A to G(32%), and 67 base pair insertion(14%). All patients are diagnosed at neonatal or infantile age. Interestingly, two patients presented with stroke like episode. Out of 11 patients, 5 patients died. Among 6 patients alive, one patient was successfully liver transplanted.