• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제5권3_4호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1990

Nitroarenes are ubiquitous environmental pollutants displaying potent mutagenicity in bacteria and carcinogenicity in mammal. In this study, the concentration of nitroarenes in coarse and fine particles and mutagenicity of POC$\_$N/ fraction was investigated in suspended particulates at the Shinchon and Bulkwang area of Seoul. The suspended particulates were collected bimonthly by a high volume cascade impactor air sampler from July 1987 to May 1988. Extractable organic matter was obtained by ultrasonic extraction on diethly ether/cyclohexane (8/2, v/v). Neutral fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction. Polar neutral organic compounds (POC$\_$N/) was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. Finally, the concentrations of nitroarenes in POC$\_$N/ fraction were measured and determined by capillary gas chromatography. Direct and indirect mutagenicity of POC$\_$N/ fraction were measured using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The result were as follows: 1) Major nitroarenes at the Shinchon area was 1-nitropyrene and at the Bulkwang area it was 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone during the year. 2) Average concentration of total nitroarenes measured was 67.26 ng/m$^3$in fine particles which was 1,3 folds higher that in coarse particle (52.30 ng/m$^3$). 3) Annual pattern of nitroarenes concentrations revealed that concentration during heating season (Feb., Jan., Mar.) was 2.2 folds higher than that in non heating season (May, Jul., Sep.). Concentration of each season has 157.68 ng/m$^3$and 80.39 ng/m$^3$. 4) The mutagenic activity of POC$\_$N/ fraction from fine particles was higher compared to that of coarse particles and was increased when metabolically activated, with 59 mixture. Mutagenicities, Metabolically activated, were significantly different between Shinchon and Bulkwang area, 322.8 rev/250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate and 286.8 rev/250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate, respectively. 5) Annual pattern of mutagenicity of POC$\_$N/ fraction revealed that mutagenicity during the heating season was 1.7 folds higher at Shinchon area and 1.2 folds higher at Bulkwang than during the non heating season. The variable contents and levels of nitroarenes in suspended particulates may affect human health significantly. Further studies such as risk assessment should be conducted on the basis of these kind of studies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.541-542
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• 2002

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1359-1360
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• 2002

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.397-403
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• 1994

질산니켈과 아연을 에탄올 용매하에서 환류반응시켜 얻은 활성화시킨 촉매는 히드라진 존재하에서 방향족 니트로화합물을 주로 아족시 화합물로 환원시켜 주었다. 그러나 질산니켈 대신 염화니켈을 사용하여 얻은 촉매는 같은 조건하에서 단지 방향족 아민만을 얻을 수 있었다. 활성화시키지 않고, 방향족 니트로화합물, 염화니켈이나 질산니켈, 아연 그리고 히드라진 혼합물을 환류반응 시킬 때는 낮은 수율의 아조, 아족시와 아민 화합물을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 1995

Air suspedned particulates are the most serious factor among air pollutants in Seoul and their extracts have been revealed to be pulmonary carcinogenes. Air particulates were collected at a site representative of the high traffic area of Seoul from December 1993 to May 1994. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitroarenes in organic extracts of air particulates were determined by gas chromatography and mutagenicity of particle extracts was evaluated by the pre-incubation procedure with Salmonella typhirnurium TA98 and TA 98NR. The average concentration of total suspended particulates and inhalable (less than 10 $\mu$m) particulates were 169.63 $\mu g/m^3$, 141.92 $\mu g/m^3$, respectively. The relative contribution of organic matters was highest in neutral fraction and was lowest in basic fraction. Among identified 20 PAHs, the level of PAHs with 4-benzen ring i.e., pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene were much higher than the PAHs with higher ring numbers. The mutagenicity of air particulates was much higher in the presence of rat liver microsomai fraction (S9 mixture) than that observed in its absence, which indicates that air particulates contained both direct and indirect mutagens. Nitroarenes in this study were not almost detected but mutagenicity of their fraction was higher. These results are represent to research for the identification of nitroarenes in the forward study.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1012-1013
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• 1994

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.181-183
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• 1995

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1998

This study is to develop a new synthetic method for the nitroarenes via non-electrophilic substitution. Direct nitration at the C-1 position of isoquinoline has never been reported and substitution in isoquinoline under the normal nitration condition occurs at C-5 and C-8. We have demonstrated a facile one-step sythetic method for the nitration of isoquinolines at the C-1 position, which involves the electrophilic attack of a $DMSO-Ac_2O$ complex, followed by nucleophilic addition of nitrate ion to this intermediate. Since the reaction is simple and mild, this method has preparative merit since 1-nitroisoquinolines are not readily accessible by other methods. Application to the synthesis of poly nitroarenes from the corresponding anilines was also described.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.545-546
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• 2001

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.247-256
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• 1992

Airborne suspended particulates were collected at Shinchon by a high volume cascade impactor from Sep. 1990 to Aug. 1991. Organic matter was extracted from particulates and fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction and thin layer chromatography. Substances in the PAHs and nitroarenes'subfraction of neutral fraction were determined by capillary gas chromatography. Based on unit risk estimates by multi-stage model of benzo[a]pyrene and the results of exposure estimates, cancer risk was assessed. The annual average concentration of total suspended particulates was 201.77g/$m^3$. The percentage of fine particulates was 57.40. The concentration of total suspended particulates showed seasonal variations and was high in winter and spring. The average concentration of extractable organic matter was 8.12g/$m^3$. In all, 21 PAHs were identified and quantified. The annual concentration of fluoranthene was 2.38ng/$m^3$, and that was the highest value of all PAHs. A carcinogenic compound, benzo[a]pyrene, was at a concentration of 1.84ng/$m^3$. All the 10 nitroarenes were also identified and quantified. The major nitroarene in the Shinchon area was 2,7-dinitrofluorene. The annual concentration of 1-nitropyrene was 1.56ng/$m^3$. Concentrations of PAHs and nitroarenes were high in winter and low in summer. The life time excess risk estimates of benzo[a]pyrene was calculated as 0.96 persons/a million population in this experiment. In the rank of relative potenties, carcinogenic effects of the other PAHs were calculated as 0.004-0.108 persons/a million population.