• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extraction residue in the feed of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age on phagocytic activity of macrophages, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin, antibody production against Newcastle disease, lymphoid organ weight and hematological profile and to determine the optimal level of inclusion. 120 chicks, reared in metabolism cages until 21 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of propolis residue) and six replications. The relative weight of thymus and monocyte percentage were affected by propolis residue, with a quadratic response (p<0.05) and lowest values estimated at 2.38% and 2.49%, respectively. Changes in relative weight of cloacal bursa and spleen, percentage of lymphocyte, heterophil, basophil, eosinophil, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, antibody production against Newcastle disease, phagocytic activity of macrophages and the average number of phagocytosed erythrocytes were not observed. The nitric oxide production with regard to positive control (macrophages+erythrocytes) decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increased doses of propolis residue. The remaining variables of nitric oxide production (negative control - macrophages, and difference between the controls) were not affected by propolis residue. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin as determined by the increase in interdigital skin thickness exhibited a quadratic response (p<0.05), which predicted a lower reaction response at a dose of 2.60% of propolis residue and highest reaction response after 43.05 hours of phytohemagglutinin injection. The inclusion of 1% to 4% of propolis extraction residue in broiler diets from 1 to 21 days of age was not able to improve the immune parameters, despite the modest changes in the relative weight in thymus, blood monocyte percentage, nitric oxide concentration, and interdigital reaction to phytohemagglutinin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.366-370
• /
• 2004

One hundred and sixty day-old Hainan chicks were randomly allotted into eight pens to investigate the effect of different dietary concentrations of chromium (Cr) in the form of chromium chloride, and different dosages of florfenicol on humoral immune responses by determining antibody titers to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines using the hemagglutination inhibition test. The results indicated that ND antibody titers were significantly higher in chicks receiving Cr at low (5 mg/kg feed) and middle (10 mg/kg feed) dose compared with the control (p<0.01). However, ND antibody titers were significantly decreased in chicks receiving Cr at a high dosage of 500 mg/kg feed (p<0.01), though the ND antibody titers of the early days (d 21 and d 28 of age) were higher than that of the control group. It is suggested that excessive Cr intake has detrimental effects on ND antibody production in chicks. No significantly lower response was measured in chicks that received florfenicol at a low dosage of 50 mg/kg feed (p>0.05), but the ND antibody titers were significantly decreased in chicks receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg feed of the drug (p<0.01). The ND antibody titers of group receiving 200 mg/kg feed of florfenicol plus 10 mg/kg Cr were slightly higher than that of the group receiving single florfenicol of 200 mg/kg although, no significant differences were observed between these two treatments. It is suggested that the humoral immune response impaired by florfenicol (200 mg/kg feed) could not be significantly reversed by Cr (10 mg/kg feed).

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 1990

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B$_1$live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 28 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of $10^5E1D_{50}$ per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than $10^{3.5}EID_{50}$ per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical signs of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression(94%), anorexia(84%), diarrhoea(29%), difficult breath(15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum(51%), trachea(35%), illeum(13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2001

To compare of serum antibody titers using ELISA and HI, serum samples were collected from 100 breeders and their progeny 550 broilers. The breeders and broilers were vaccinated with infectious bronchitis(IB)- and Newcastle disease(ND)-viruses according to general vaccination program. The antibodies in serum samples against IB and ND viruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using commercial ELISA kit and hemagglutination inhibition(HI) test. Geometric mean titer(GMT) of ELISA and In titers were monitored from 1-day-old to 35-day-old broilers and compared to those of breeder chickens. The antibody titers of breeders vaccinated with ]B virus showed 47,800, ELISA and 7.2, HI, respectively. Progeny chicks, 1-day-old, vaccinated with IBV showed high antibody titers than those of breed chickens. Those chicks were maintained protective antibody levels until 11-day-old. From 14-day-old, the antibody level decreased below protective levels. In ND, breeders serum antibody titers ELISA and Eiu were 30,200 GMT and 8.7 HI titer, respectively. On 1-day-old chicks, antibody levels was decreased to half in ELISA(16,270) compared with those of breeders, but In titers was 7.4. Progeny broilers, protective antibody level was maintained until 14- day-old by ELISA, but at 11-day-old by HI titers. After then, ND antibody titer was continuously decreased underdefense level. These result indicated that the ELISA method be more sensitive than HI titration to detect serum antibody level for IBV and NDV.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.735-739
• /
• 2014

Newcastle disease virus(NDV) 감염된 baby hamster kidney(BHK) 세포에서 syncytium(합포체) 형성은 세포막 표면으로의 수송된 바이러스 당단백질 hemagglutinin-neuramidase(HN)에 의해 일어난다. HAU 값은 추출물의 농도가 25과 3.2 ug/mL 사이에서는 현저하게 감소하였으나, NDV 감염된 HAD(%)는 25 ug/mL 농도에서 광범위한 흡착능의 감소를 나타내 바이러스 당단백질의 세포내 생합성은 저해되지 않았다. 그러므로, 약용식물인 마황 메탄올 추출물이 바이러스 당단백질의 세포막으로의 수송과 함께 합포체 형성을 저해하여 항바이러스 작용을 하였다. 또한 마황 추출물의 저해활성을 조사한 결과 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase에 대한 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 $18{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\alpha}$-mannosidase, ${\beta}$-mannosidase에 대한 마황 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 각각 60, 40, $150{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 ${\beta}$-type glycosidases 보다 ${\alpha}$-type glycosidase에 대한 효소활성 저해능이 우수하였다. 따라서 $IC_{50}$농도에서는 세포내에서 당단백질 생합성은 저해되지 않으며 당단백질의 수송을 저해하는 것으로 판단되었으며 향후 항바이러스 관련 작용기작의 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제61권4호
• /
• pp.379-382
• /
• 2018

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 감염된 baby hamster kidney 세포에서 Syncytium (합포체) 형성은 세포막 표면으로의 수송된 바이러스 당단백질 hemagglutinin-neuramidase에 의해 일어난다. HAU 값은 추출물의 농도가 25과 $3.2{\mu}g/mL$ 사이에서는 현저하게 감소하였으나, $25{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서는 NDV 감염된 HAD (%)는 광범위한 흡착능의 감소를 나타났으나 바이러스 당단백질의 세포내 생합성은 저해되지 않았다. 그러므로 오배자 추출물은 바이러스 당단백질의 세포막으로의 수송과 함께 합포체 형성을 저해하여 항바이러스 활성을 갖는 것으로 결론된다. 또한 오배자 추출물의 저해활성을 조사한 결과 ${\alpha}-glucosidase$에 대한 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-mannosidase$에 대한 오배자 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 각각 26, 36, $50{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 ${\beta}-type$ glycosidases 보다 ${\alpha}-type$ glycosidase에 대한 효소활성 저해능이 우수하였다. 따라서 $IC_{50}$ 농도에서는 세포내에서 당단백질 생합성은 저해되지 않으며 당단백질의 수송을 저해하는 것으로 판단되었으며 향후 항바이러스 관련 작용기작의 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.135-144
• /
• 2019

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI; H9N2) and Newcastle disease (ND) are economically important poultry diseases in Korea. In this study, we investigated pathological features and virus distribution in the lymphoid tissues of chicks experimentally infected with H9N2 and/or ND virus. Six-weeks-old SPF chickens were divided into 4 groups, Control (C), H9N2 (E1), NDV (E2), and H9N2+NDV (E3). E1 group was challenged with 0.1 ml A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ intranasally, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 ml KJW (NDV) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ intramuscularly, and E3 group was challenged with H9N2, followed 7 days later by NDV. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, cecal tonsil, and spleen, whereas E2 and E3 groups were noted severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organs structures. In TUNEL assay, apoptotic bodies were detected in lymphoid organs of all experimental groups, which was most severe in E3 group. H9N2 and ND viruses were predominantly detected in cecal tonsil of E1, E2, and E3 groups by PCR and immunohistochemistry (ICH). In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with NDV caused severe pathologic lesions and apoptosis in lymphoid tissues compared to single infections.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.229-238
• /
• 2010

Chicken Mx protein (cMx) induced interferon (IFN) is an antiviral protein to inhibit replication of RNA virus, particularly negative stranded RNA virus, through blockage of transfortation of viral RNA and proteins. In order to determine antiviral effects of cMx from different MHC haplotype chicken, we characterized cMx gene by studying on nucleotide sequencing, antiviral effects to Newcastle disease virus, VSV and MDV, and transcription activities. Three types of eMx genes (2,118 bp) were detected from the different MHC haplotype chickens [B19 (N), B15(F) and B21 (GSP)] chickens, which have showed different susceptible to Marek's disease (MD). Several amino acid substitutions were showed in the cMx. The amino acid 548 and 631 in the cMxs from N and F, chickens susceptible to MD, was Val and Asn which was important on antiviral effects, and showed in resistant cMx. Those in the cMx from GSP, chicken resistant to MD, were same that showed in susceptible cMx. Though every cMx transactivated the expression of the reporter gene, the transcription activation by resistant cMx from N and F was lower compared to that by susceptible cMx from GSP. The decease of the cell growth in the resistant cMx cloned cells was seen in comparison with another cMx clone cells. Replication of NDV and VSV was suppressed in the clones with resistant cMx from N and F. NMx258-transducted cells lack of antiviral effects, and NMx437 or NMx646-transducted cells was showed 60% of antiviral effects compared to NMx705. Mean death time (MDT) and hemaggutination (HA) titer to NDV was long and low in the eggs of N and F lines, but short and high in the egg of GSP line. Interestingly, strong suppression to NDV was observed in the clone with N-Mx and in the eggs of N line. However, the effects of Mx for replication of vvMDV1 have not been. Thus, resistant types of cMx, N- and F-Mx, have showed the anti-viral effects to only RNA virus including NDV and VSV, but not to DNA virus. Antiviral effects of cMx were required whole length of amino acid including Val and Asn in amino acid 548 and 631.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 국내에 서식하고 있는 야생 조류에서의 뉴캣슬 병바이러스(NDV) 감염 분포율을 조사하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 2011년 2월에서 11월에 걸쳐 포획한 8개 목 42종의 야생 조류 1,024수를 대상으로 NDV에 대한 혈청 검사를 혈구 응집 억제 반응법으로 실시하였다. 그 결과, 조사 대상 야생조류 중 12.6%(129/1,024)에서NDV 항체가 검출되었다. NDV 항체가 검출된 야생 조류는 기러기목의 6종(원앙, 청둥오리, 흰뺨검둥오리, 고방오리, 쇠기러기, 쇠오리)과 도요 목의 괭이갈매기였다. 이 중 원앙(27.8%, 32/115), 청둥오리(20.8%, 57/274), 흰뺨검둥오리(11.9%, 36/303)는 10% 이상 높은 항체양성률을 나타내었으며, 고방오리(2.9%, 1/34), 괭이갈매기(2.9%, 1/34), 쇠기러기(1.8%, 1/56), 쇠오리(1.4%, 1/69)는 3% 미만의 낮은 NDV 항체 양성률을 나타내었다. 그러나 나머지 6개목 35종의 야생 조류에서는 NDV 항체가 검출되지 않았다. 항체 양성률이 높은 원앙, 청둥오리, 흰뺨검둥오리를 대상으로 시기별 조사한 결과, 원앙의 경우 11월 25%(24/96), 2월 42%(8/19)의 항체 양성률을, 청둥오리의 경우 10월 33%(1/3), 11월 25%(26/104), 2월 21.1%(19/90), 3월 14.3%(11/77)의 항체 양성률을, 흰뺨검둥오리의 경우 10월 4.5%(2/44), 11월 12.2%(12/98), 2월 16.4%(9/55), 3월 12.3%(13/106)의 양성률을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 국내에서 서식하는 원앙, 청둥오리, 흰뺨검둥오리 등 야생 오리류가 NDV의 주된 자연 숙주이며, NDV 감염은 10월과 11월 사이에 감염이 급증하기 시작하여 동절기 동안 순환 감염이 일어나는 계절적 특성을 보이는 있음을 나타낸다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 1962

필자(筆者)는 한국(韓國)에 특(特)히 많이 유행(流行)하고 있는 가계(家鷄)의 유행병(流行病)인 Newcastle discase에 착안(着眼)하였다. 예방방법(豫防方法)으로서 종래(從來) 사용(使用)된 Forinalin-inactivated vaccine은 수산화(水酸化) "알미늄 젤"을 부가(賦加)하므로서 근육내주사방법(筋肉內注射方法)으로 사용(使用)할수 있게되어 사용방법(使用方法)이 비교적(比較的) 편리(便利)하게 되었으나 그 면역효과(免疫效果)에 대(對)하여서는 아직 이론(異論)이 있으므로 Hitcher등(等)이 제창(提唱)한 Attenuated Vaccine에 대(對)하여 더 흥미(興味)를 가지게 되었다. 특(特)히 이와같은 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 닭의 age에 차별(差別)없이 독력(毒力)이 거의 없을뿐만 아니라 경비적(經鼻的)으로 대단(大端)히 간이(簡易)한 방법(方法)으로도 투여(投與)할수 있고 고도(高度)의 면역(免疫)을 장기간(長期間) 부여(賦與)할수 있는 점(點)을 들어 기(其) 실용성(實用性)을 주목(注目)하게 되었다. 그러나 vaccine투여방법(投與方法)은 기면역율(其免疫率)과 vaccine투여(投與)로 인(因)한 손실(損失)을 좌우(左右)하게 되므로 중요(重要)한 연구과제(硏究課題)임을 인정(認定)하고 급수법(給水法)을 채택(採擇)하여 일정량(一定量)의 vaccine을 투여(投與)한후(後) 면역항체(免疫抗體)의 출현(出現)을 혈구응집조지항체(血球凝集阻止抗體)와 강독방어능력(强毒防禦能力)을 관찰(觀察)하여 구체적방법(具體的方法)을 검토(檢討)하려 하였다. 먼저 생독(生毒)vaccine으로 사용(使用)한 Lasota strain과 사독(死毒)으로 사용(使用)한 서울주(株)를 각각 $10^{-1}$에서 $10^{-11}$까지 희석(稀釋)하여 9일란(日卵)의 Allantoic Cavity로 접종(接種)하여 60시간(時間)이 경과(經過)한 후(後) Allantoic fluia를 채취(採取)하여 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 서울주(株)는 $10^8MLD/ml$, $10^{9.6}LD_{50}/ml$였고 Lasota strain은 $10^9MID/ml$, $10^{10.5}ID_{50}/ml$였다. Formalin-mactivated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여 서울주(株)로 감염치사(感染致死)된 계태아(鷄胎兒), 양뇨막(羊尿膜), 요수등(尿水等)의 혼합유제(混合乳劑)에 Formaldehy를 1% 가(加)하여 48시간후(時間後)에 4배(四倍)의 생리식염수(生理食鹽水)를 가(加)하고 이 혼합물(混合物) 100ml에 4% "알미늄 젤"을 20ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 Inactivation Test (9일(日)에 난접종(卵接種)) 및 Sterility Test(Thioglycollate Medium에 접종(接種))를 한 결과(結果) 완전(完全)히 inactivation 되었고 무균상태(無菌狀態)임을 인정(認定)한 후(後) 사용(使用)하였다. Attenuated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여는 Lasota strain을 9일란(日卵)의 Allantaic carity로 접종(接種)하여 3일간(日間) 발육(發育)케 한 후(後) Allantoic fluid를 채취(採取)하여 Allantoic fluid 100ml.에 탈지유(脫脂乳) 4ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 2.5ml.식(式) 분주(分注)한 후(後) 냉동건조(冷凍乾燥)하여 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관(保管)하였다. 오개월팔일령(五個月八日齡)의 백색(白色)레구흥 200수(首)를 100수식(首式) 2군(二群)으로 나누어 각각(各各) 사독(死毒) Vaccine (1ml.I.M.) 및 생독(生毒) Vaccine (1 : 400, 10ml 경구(經口))을 투여(投與)한 후(後) 105일간(日間) 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果) : 1. 사독(死毒) Vaccine은 HI항체(抗體)나 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)이 105일간(日間)의 실험기간 동안 모두 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었다. 2. 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)은 완전(完全)히 유지(維持)되었으나 HI항체(抗體)는 75일(日)까지 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었으나 75일후(日後)에는 약간(若干) 저하(低下)되었다. 3. 급수(給水)에 타서 경구적(經口的)으로 투여(投與)하는 생독예방접종(生毒豫防接種)은 면역기간(免疫期間)이 사독예방접종(死毒豫防接種)에 비(比)해 약간 짧은듯 싶지만 그접종방법(接種方法)이 대단히 간단하며 시간(時間)도 짧게 걸린다.