• 제목/요약/키워드: neighboring states

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중국의 공세적 대외행태와 동아시아 안보 (China's Assertive Diplomacy and East Asian Security)

  • 한석희
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권33호
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    • pp.37-64
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    • 2014
  • The year 2010 has been regarded as a year of China's assertive diplomacy. A series of China's behavior--including China's critical reaction to the U.S. for its sales of weapons to Taiwan, the Dalai Lama's visit to President Obama, China's arbitrary designation of 'core interests' over the South China Sea, China's inordinate reactions to the sinking of the Cheonan and Yeonpyeong bombardment, and China's activities in the Senkaku/Diaoyu island areas--has served as the witnesses to China's assertive diplomacy in 2010. The major causes of China's assertive diplomacy can be summed up by three factors: potential power transition from U.S. to China; emerging China's nationalism; and the recession of the Tao Guang Yang Hui as a diplomatic principle. But a majority of Western sinologists claim that China's assertive diplomacy is defensive in terms of its character. China's neighboring states, however, perceive its assertive diplomacy as diplomatic threat. Due to these states' geographical proximity and capability gaps with China, these neighbors experience difficulties in coping with China's behavior. In particular, China's coercive economic diplomacy, in which China tends to manipulate the neighbors' economic dependency on China for its diplomatic leverage, is a case in point for China's assertive diplomacy. China's assertiveness seems to be continued even after the inauguration of Xi Jinping government. Although the Xi government's diplomatic rhetorics in "New Type of Great Power Relationship" and the "Convention for Neighboring States Policy" sound friendly and cooperative, its subsequent behavior, like unilateral announcement of Chinese Air Defense Identification Zone (CADIZ), does not conform with its rhetoric. Overall, China's assertiveness has been consolidated as a fashion of its diplomacy, and it is likely to continue in its relations with neighbors. As a neighboring state, the ROK should approach to it with more balanced attitude. In addition, it needs to find out a new diplomatic leverage to deal with China in accordance with its security environment, in which China plays a growing role.

인도·태평양 전략에 대한 주변국 입장, 한국 해군에 대한 함의 (The Stances of Neighboring States to the Indo-Pacific Strategy and Its Implications for the South Korean Navy)

  • 한종환
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권46호
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    • pp.5-28
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    • 2020
  • 2017년 트럼프 대통령의"자유롭고 열린 인도·태평양" 언급 후 이를 구체화하기 위해 2019년에 미 국방부는"인도·태평양 전략", 미 국무부는"자유롭고 열린 인도·태평양 : 공동 비전 추구"를 발표했다. 미국 외교/안보의 핵심인 국방부와 국무부에서 짧은 기간(약 6개월) 내 동일한 전략 (인도·태평양 전략) 을 구체화하기 위한 계획을 발표한 것은 이례적이다. 미 국방부와 국무부 보고서에서 미국은 자유롭고 열린 인도·태평양 구현을 위해 미국 자체의 노력 뿐만 아니라 동맹 및 파트너국의 협력과 책임분담, 동참을 강조하고 있다. 이에 따라 인도·태평양 주변 국가들은 자국의 이익에 따라 적극 참여 또는 유보적 입장을 취하고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 미국의 인도·태평양 전략 동참 요구에 대한 한국의 입장을 결정함에 있어 참고사항이 될 수 있는 주변국의 입장과 인도·태평양 전략 참여시 장·단점은 무엇인지 살펴보고자 한다. 또한"인도·태평양"이라는 단어에서도 알 수 있듯이 인도·태평양 전략을 뒷받침하는 주요 수단은 해군력이 될 것이므로, 인도·태평양 전략에서 한국해군의 역할을 무엇인지 살펴보고자 한다.

이슬람의 카라반세라이(caravanserail)공간의 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on Characteristics of the Caravanserai Space of Islam)

  • 심복기;정낙원
    • 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.156-163
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    • 2004
  • The Caravanserai, which can be discovered in the Islamic States in the regions of the Northern Africa and the Middle Asia, still maintains its profound influence to the Islamic World as one of significant edifices in the Islamic World. The majority of the Islamic people at the time of the foundation of Islamic State around AD. 7th century was the nomads, and a trade by means of caravan with their neighboring people was their critical activity for obtaining the necessities of life. With its political and social condition of the Islamic State stabilized and economy developed, the scope of commerce began to grow and the scale of trading with foreign countries started to expand. Along with this economic expansion, the caravanserai began to take a shape as a channel through which not only could the commercial commodities be traded but also religious Islamic ideas and important information could be spread into and shared with the people of neighboring countries. The significance of the caravanserai comes from such observation that it did play major roles in consolidating the solidarity of Islamic states and keeping a religious unity among them. The caravanserai, heading far beyond being a mere commercial center, ultimately functioned as a seedbed of life and spirit of the Islam. Starting from the understanding of social and political significance of the caravanserai, I set the first objective of this article to read into the architecture and interior design of the caravanserai and understand the general characteristics of the Islamic architecture and interior design.

지능형 로보트 시스템을 위한 영역기반 Q-learning (Region-based Q-learning for intelligent robot systems)

  • 김재현;서일홍
    • 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.350-356
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    • 1997
  • It is desirable for autonomous robot systems to possess the ability to behave in a smooth and continuous fashion when interacting with an unknown environment. Although Q-learning requires a lot of memory and time to optimize a series of actions in a continuous state space, it may not be easy to apply the method to such a real environment. In this paper, for continuous state space applications, to solve problem and a triangular type Q-value model\ulcorner This sounds very ackward. What is it you want to solve about the Q-value model. Our learning method can estimate a current Q-value by its relationship with the neighboring states and has the ability to learn its actions similar to that of Q-learning. Thus, our method can enable robots to move smoothly in a real environment. To show the validity of our method, navigation comparison with Q-learning are given and visual tracking simulation results involving an 2-DOF SCARA robot are also presented.

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지능형 운전보조시스템을 위한 IMM 기법을 이용한 전방차량 거동추정기법 (Neighboring Vehicle Maneuver Detection using IMM Algorithm for ADAS)

  • 정선휘;이운성;강연식
    • 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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    • 제19권8호
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    • pp.718-724
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    • 2013
  • In today's automotive industry, there exist several systems that help drivers reduce the possibility of accidents, such as the ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System). The ADAS helps drivers make correct and quick decisions during dangerous situations. This study analyzed the performance of the IMM (Interacting Multiple Model) method based on multiple Kalman filters using the data acquired from a driving simulator. An IMM algorithm is developed to identify the current discrete state of neighboring vehicles using the sensor data and the vehicle dynamics. In particular, the driving modes of the neighboring vehicles are classified by the cruising and maneuvering modes, and the transition between the states is modeled using a Markovian switching coefficient. The performance of the IMM algorithm is analyzed through realistic simulations where a target vehicle executes sudden lane change or acceleration maneuver.

Role of Hypothalamic Reactive Astrocytes in Diet-Induced Obesity

  • Sa, Moonsun;Park, Mingu Gordon;Lee, C. Justin
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.65-75
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    • 2022
  • Hypothalamus is a brain region that controls food intake and energy expenditure while sensing signals that convey information about energy status. Within the hypothalamus, molecularly and functionally distinct neurons work in concert under physiological conditions. However, under pathological conditions such as in diet-induced obesity (DIO) model, these neurons show dysfunctional firing patterns and distorted regulation by neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Concurrently, resident glial cells including astrocytes dramatically transform into reactive states. In particular, it has been reported that reactive astrogliosis is observed in the hypothalamus, along with various neuroinflammatory signals. However, how the reactive astrocytes control and modulate DIO by influencing neighboring neurons is not well understood. Recently, new lines of evidence have emerged indicating that these reactive astrocytes directly contribute to the pathology of obesity by synthesizing and tonically releasing the major inhibitory transmitter GABA. The released GABA strongly inhibits the neighboring neurons that control energy expenditure. These surprising findings shed light on the interplay between reactive astrocytes and neighboring neurons in the hypothalamus. This review summarizes recent discoveries related to the functions of hypothalamic reactive astrocytes in obesity and raises new potential therapeutic targets against obesity.

Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Study for the Isotope Effect on OH Vibration in Ice Ih

  • Yoon, Yeohoon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.553-557
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    • 2013
  • The stretching vibration of OH of ice Ih is studied by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics in regarding the effect of mixed H/D contamination while the vibrational spectrum is considered by velocity-velocity autocorrelations of the sampled ensemble. When hydrogen atoms are immersed randomly into the deuterated ice, a typical vibrational frequency of OH stretching mode is observed to be similar to that from the pure $H_2O$ ice. When focusing on the correlation of isolated neighboring OH stretching, a narrower and blue shifted peak is observed at the high frequency range as a result of the screening from the complex many body correlations by $D_2O$ environment. It is also specifically related to the symmetric intermolecular correlations between neighboring OH stretching modes. More enhanced high frequency range can be explained by the expansion of such two body correlations to collective many body correlations among all possible OH stretching modes. This contribution becomes important when it involves in chemical interactions via excitation of such vibrational states.

목표상태 값 전파를 이용한 강화 학습 (Reinforcement Learning using Propagation of Goal-State-Value)

  • 김병천;윤병주
    • 한국정보처리학회논문지
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    • 제6권5호
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    • pp.1303-1311
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    • 1999
  • In order to learn in dynamic environments, reinforcement learning algorithms like Q-learning, TD(0)-learning, TD(λ)-learning have been proposed. however, most of them have a drawback of very slow learning because the reinforcement value is given when they reach their goal state. In this thesis, we have proposed a reinforcement learning method that can approximate fast to the goal state in maze environments. The proposed reinforcement learning method is separated into global learning and local learning, and then it executes learning. Global learning is a learning that uses the replacing eligibility trace method to search the goal state. In local learning, it propagates the goal state value that has been searched through global learning to neighboring sates, and then searches goal state in neighboring states. we can show through experiments that the reinforcement learning method proposed in this thesis can find out an optimal solution faster than other reinforcement learning methods like Q-learning, TD(o)learning and TD(λ)-learning.

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동아시아 정세와 한국해군의 잠수함 운용방안 - 미국의 대중(對中) 전략과 일본의 전력 증강을 중심으로 - (Environments in the East Asia and the way to Utilize Submarines for ROKN: Focused the issue on both American Strategy against China and Japanese Arms Race)

  • 허송
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권42호
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    • pp.318-346
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    • 2017
  • Currently, security environmental instability is getting worse than ever in the East Asia including to Republic of Korea(ROK). Unlike several conventional issues such as maritime dispute -sometimes with islands- and competitions for getting natural resources, contemporary security dilemma issues followed by arms races among states deepens the power gap between strong and weak state within the region. It is notable that the arms races is the East Asia are mainly focused on naval power. As navy is the very possible force that influences neighboring states, submarine power is usually valued for its nature of stealth, mobile and aggression. Moreover, the submarine power is believed to be one of the highest valued weapon system since it shows actual effectiveness for influencing the other states while avoiding direct military conflicts compared to surface power. As a result, all states within the region are accelerating for getting such power these days. Japan, Most of all, is one of the leading state that aims to ensure self-survival and enlarge military influences under the US-Japan alliance by decisively supporting its power to the American containment strategy against China. In this regard, such movement surely sill influence on ROK both directly and indirectly as we sue the common field, the sea. Though, it has lots of restrictions for us to confront them with military forces as such confrontations within US-led alliances is not desirable upon considering current China and nK threats. As a result, ROK needs to limit the realm of alliance within the region while maintaining ROK-US alliance for getting national interests with both legal and justice superiority against Japan. This paper, as a result, is focused on suggesting the way to utilize submarines as a mean of naval power for both current security environments and the rising maritime threats in the East Asia. I concluded to participate ROK submarines in US-led military strategy against China by dispatching them into the East-China Sea and the North-East area of the Korean peninsula to protect both national interests and justice at the same tome. It should be one of the preemptive measure for confronting with neighboring states by utilizing strategic benefits of submarines while strengthening ROK-US alliances upon participating American Containment Strategy against China.

배전계통에서의 최적 부하절체를 위한 전문가 시스템 (An Expert System for Optimal Load Transfer in Distribution Systems)

  • 문영현;최병윤;김세호
    • 대한전기학회논문지
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    • 제39권9호
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    • pp.903-911
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    • 1990
  • When load areas on a feeder are deenergized due to faults and scheduled outage, operators need to identify neighboring feeders, try to restore customers and minimize out-of-service areas. These cases include knowledge of system states and various constraints such as voltage drop. This paper concerns the load transfer in fault restoration and scheduled outage. Also, the operating constraints such as line current capacity, relay trip current, transformer capacity, voltage drop and line loss are considered. This expert system can propose the optimal load transfer method by analyzing the system state and considering the constraints.

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