• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.166-170
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• 2019

Objective: To establish a cost-effective and easily available phantom for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures. Materials and Methods: Tofu, drinking straws filled with coupling gel, a urine tube, and 21-gauge needles were used to generate a phantom thyroid with nodules for training. Twelve radiology residents were involved in the study. The puncture success rates were recorded and compared before and after phantom training using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: On ultrasonography, tofu mimicked the texture of the thyroid. Drinking straws filled with coupling gel mimicked vessels. The urine tube filled with air mimicked the trachea, and 21-gauge needles mimicked small nodules in the transverse section. The entire phantom was similar to the structure of the thyroid and surrounding tissues. The puncture success rates of radiology residents were significantly increased from 34.4 ± 14.2% to 66.7 ± 19.5% after training (p = 0.003). The phantom was constructed in approximately 10 minutes and materials cost less than CNY 10 (approximately $ 1.5) at a local store. Conclusion: The tofu model was cost-effective, easily attainable, and effective for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures in vitro.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.153-158
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• 2023

Pinus species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and some parts of the tropics to temperate regions in the Southern Hemisphere. They were used as food and medicine in prehistoric times. Massonianoside B is a compound found in pine trees and possesses antioxidant activity. In order to determine the presence and content of this compound in Pinus species, three different parts (needles, branches, and bark) of three Pinus species were extracted and investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography with a gradient elution system along with a reverse-phase INNO column with photodiode array detector was employed. Results showed that the branches of the three Pinus species had higher massonianoside B content (5.502 to 9.751 mg/g DW) than either the needles or bark. Furthermore, among the three species, P. rigida × P. taeda had the highest concentration of total massonianoside B (11.557 mg/g DW). These findings thus provide evidence of biological activity in Pinus species and establish a foundation for further research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1981

Foliar nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, total sugar, starch, ether extracts were determined for three Pinus spp., that is, P. rigida, P. taeda, P. rigida${\times}$taeda, divided by tree age (16~19-year old, 6-year old), leaf age (current, over-winter, one-year old), planting location(Kyonggi-Do, Chungnam-Do, Junbuk-Do). Foliar compositions of inorganic nutrients were generally put in order of N(0.764~1.502%)>K((0.130~0.491%) $$\geq_-$$Ca(0.165~0.442%)>Mg(0.054~0.121%)${\fallingdotseq}$P(0.041~0.129%) in all the species. The concentrations of total sugar and ether extracts respectively ranged from 5 to 15% of the needles in dry weight base. The concentrations of N, P and K were similarly high in the over-winter needles (sampled in February), but those of Ca were generally high in one-year old needles. As a whole, inorganic nutrient levels in the needles showed different patterns with species, three age, leaf age and location. There were generally positive correlations between nitrogen and phosphorus in foliar concentrations. Foliar concentrations of total sugar showed the ranking of P. rigida > P. rigida${\times}$taeda > P. taeda and the lowest levels in February. Starch in the needles were contained about 10% of total sugar, and the variations of starch level were not regular with the studied factors. Ether extracts contents increased more of less with leaf age but changed irregularly with the other factors.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.58-68
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the growth and biomass production of Abies koreana seedlings under different relative light intensity. The 5-year-old potted seedlings were grown for 24 months under different light intensity of 100%, 50%, 30%, 10% and 2% of the natural full light intensity. The results were as follows: 1. Height growth was similar in the seedlings under different light intensities except in 2% of the full sun light intensity, having shown the lowest height growth. 2. Root collar diameter growth was reduced gradually by decreasing of the relative light intensity. 3. The seedlings which were grown under relatively low light intensity showed the later starting date of the stem growth in the next spring and showed the smaller number of new needles, and the smarter number and the shorter length of new shoot of the seedlings. 4. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root was reduced by decreasing of the relative light intensity. 5. In case of the seedling grown in one year shading condition, the ratio of the dry mass of current-year needles and stem to that of the above one-year-old needles and stem was ranged from 0.99$\pm$0.25 to 1.06$\pm$0.06 and was not significally different among the seedlings grown under 100%, 50% and 30% of the relative light intensity. And the radio was ranged from 0.60$\pm$0.04 to 0.52$\pm$0.03 in the seedlings grown under 10% and 2% of the relative light intensity, respectively. In case of the seedling grown in two years shading, the ratio of the dry mass of current-year needles and stem to that of the above one-year-old needles and stem was ranged from 0.79$\pm$0.04 to 1.00$\pm$0.03 and was not significally different among the seedlings grown under 100, 50, 30% and 10% of the relative light intensity. And the ratio was 0.29$\pm$0.03 in the seedlings grown under 2% of the relative light intensity, respectively. 6. T/R ratio of the seedlings grown in one year shading condition was ranged from 3.35$\pm$0.33 to 4.61$\pm$0.25 and was not significantly different among the relative light intensities of 100%, 50%, 30% and 10%. The seedlings grown under 2% of relative light intensity showed the highest T/R ratio of 7.36$\pm$0.15. In case of the two years shadings the T/R ratio was ranged from 1.76$\pm$0.11 to 3.12$\pm$0.19 and increased as relative light intensity decreased except 2.01$\pm$0.14 in 2% of relative light intensity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.365-371
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate variations in taxol contents of bark, shoots, needles of three native Taxus species in Korea. Sample materials were collected in early October of 1992 from five individual, trees each of the five populations of Taxus cuspidata located at Mt. Halla, Mt. Jiri, Mt. Deokyu, Mt. Sobaek, and Mt. Taebaek and two individual trees of Taxus cuspitosa in Mt. Seolak and in March of 1993 from the five individual trees of Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia in Ulleung Island. The collected materials were analyzed by HPLC to determine the amount of taxol content. Regardless of species and population, the taxol content was highest in bark and followed by shoots and needles. In Taxars cuspidata the taxol content in the bark was highest for the population of Mt. Halla (0.017%) and decreased in the order of Mt. Jiri, Mt. Sobaek, Mt. Deokyu, and Mt. Taebaek. The taxol content in the shoots was highest for the population of Mt. Halla(0.0053%) and decreased in the order of Mt. Sobaek, Mt. Jiri, Mt. Deokyu, and Mt. Taebaek. The taxol content in the needles was higher for the population of Mt. Halla(0.0013%) than any other populations and decreased in the order of Mt. Taebaek, Mt. Sobaek, Mt. Deokyu and Mt. Jiri. The taxol contents of Taxus caespitosa(0.0035%) were lower than that of Taxus cuspidate in all of the three plant parts. The taxol content of Taxus cuspidate var. latifolia(0.0064%) was higher than that of Taxus cuspidate for shoots and needles, but lower than that of Taxus cuspidate. There was a tendency of increasing taxol contents of bark and shoots of Taxus cuspidate, as latitude decreased. This study indicated that taxol content was relatively high in the populations of Taxus cuspidate. Particularly taxol content in the bark of the Taxus cuspidate in Mt. Halla population was about the same as that of pacific yew, indicating a high potential for commercial use.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.179-190
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• 1976

1. The Korean Acanthopanax genus includes 12 kinds consisting of 9 species and 3 forma. 2. The Korean Oga-pi which is on market sale has been used as bark for the medicinal purpose, and Oga-pi shall use Radicis Cortex. That is why it is basic rule that herbalogy shall use Radicis Cortex. 3. The origin of Oga-pi on sale is Acanthopanax sessiliflorum forma chungbunensis C.S. Yook. 4. $C_{HUNG}\;and\;N_AKAI'S}$ report on A. koreanum told us that there are brown hair on the mid-leaf junction, but in addition to it, our investigation was resulted in the fact that there are thorn along mid-rib sometimes. 5. 2 kinds of new forma are similar to A. sessiliflorum, but are different in the view-point of chemotaxonomy, compared with A. sessiliflorum. In its morphology, we can find some difference between 2 kinds of new forma and A. sessiliflorum. Our effort of examination on documents tell us that the all plants growing in the central part of our country is A. sessiliflorum forma chungbunensis C.S. Yook. The one which has thorn on both side among the plants collected in Mt. Dukyu, is called A. sessiliflorum forma nambunensis C.S. Yook. 6. A. sessiliflorum is growing in the southern part in Korea, and most Chungbu Oga-pi A. sessiliflorum forma chungbunensis in the central part of our country. For the convenience of our study, the key of Korean Acanthopanax plant is classified into, I-IV, as shown on the following items: I. No hair on both side of leaf A. Flower stalk is longer than petiole, and there are thorn under the petiole (5-7 stigma).${\cdots}A.\;sieboldianum$. B. Flower stalk is longer than petiole, or same length. The serration lie down, and the stem has short thorn (stigma is divided into 3 part).${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;seoulense$ II. There are a lot of thorn or hair on back of leaf. A. A lot of thorn and hair on the vein of leaf back, and a number of small thorn on petiole.${\cdots}A.\;chiisanensis$. B. There are thorn on the vein of leaf back.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;sessiliflorum\;forma\;chungbunensis.$ III. There are hairs on both side of leaf. A. There are small hairs on the back of leaf.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;sessiliflorum.$ B. There are small hairs on both side of leaf.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;sessiliflorum\;f.\;nambunensis.$ C. There are thick hairs on junction of main vein on back of leaf.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;koreanum.$ D. There are brown hairs on vein of leaf back, and brown hairs on small petiole.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;rufinerve.$ E. There are shrunk hairs in grey-brown on back of leaf, and tense hairs on new branch (one stigma).${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;divaricatum.$ IV. There are long thorn, just like needles, on the stem and petiole. A. Long needle grows on whole stem tensely, and long needles on petiole.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;senticosus.$ B. There are no needles, just like needles aid hairs on petiole, and needles grow on the stem thinly.${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;asperatus.$ C. There are no needle on small brarch, leaf and inflorescence are larger than A. senticosus. ${\cdots\;\cdots}A.\;senticosus\;forma\;inermis.$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of light intensity on the growth of Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings. The seedlings were grown under four different relative light intensities: 100%, 63%, 37%, and 19% of full sunlight by covering with saran screen on seed bed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The highest shoot elongation was found at 37% in relative light intensity (RLI) plot, and the best growth in root, seedling length and diameter increment appeared at 100% on RLI plot. Contribution rates of shading to growth in shoot elongation, root growth, seedling length, and diameter increment were 9.3%, 26.2%, 21.0%, and 48.7%, respectively. 2. The greatest number of one-year-old needle fascicle was found at 100% in RLI plot, whereas that of two-year-old needle fascicle appeared at 37% in RLI plot. The contribution rate of the light intensity to number of needle fascicle was 3.9% and factor of leaf age contributed to number of needle fascicle in 27.8%. The length of needles grown under different light intensities varied with needle ages. The longest length of new needles appeared at 37% in RLI plot, but old needles were not clear in influence of light intensity. The contribution rate to needle length by the light intensity was 2.5%. 3. The heaviest value of the fresh and dry weight of seedlings appeared at 100% of RLI plot then decreased with light intensity. The contribution rates to fresh and dry weight by the shading were 38% and 7.6% respectively. 4. The largest value of the dry weight of needles appeared at 100% of RLI plot and then decreased with light intensity. The contribution rates to dry weight of needles by the light intensity was 13.18%. 5. The values of T/R ratio increased with decreased light intensity and the contribution rate was 7.0%. 6. Positive correlation and linear regressions were recognized between dry weight of leaf and other factors (dry weight of shoot, root, seedling and diameter increment).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1966

As a series of studies on the behaviour of Pine gallmidge (Theccdiplosis japonensis Uehida ei Inoaye), the season of the larval hibernation in winter as well as the season of the attack of adults on pine needles in the vicinity of Seoul were observed, and following results were obtained. 1. The larvae get out of the galls and fall into the ground for the hibernation commencing from the end of September and finishing by the end of January of the next year. 2. About 76% of the whole larvae fell down during the month of November. 3. The frequency and the duration of raining mainly influenced the larval falling into the ground but temperature, humidity and the quantity of rainfall was not likely influence upon it. 4. As many as 47,000 larvae were counted per 1.5 square meter of the ground under the crown of the damaged trees. 5. When pine needles were isolated by fine linen-net-bag to keep the needles from the oviposition of the adults of the insect, at six different season; -i.e. 30th, May, 6th, 10th, 15th, 25th, and 30th June, the percentages of the damage were 80%, 50%, 36%, 19%, 20% and 1% respectively, while the damage of the control was 91%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.2 s.39
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• pp.111-116
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• 1979

The experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of some insecticides in the control of the pine gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) when the low-volume of the insecticides were applied by the mist foliar sprayer. The insecticides, Salithion $(24\%\;Ec)$, Omethoate $(Folimat^{(R)}\;50\%\;Ec)$, Monocrotopos $(Azodrin^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$, Acephate $(Ortran^{(R)}\;50\%\;Wp)$, Metalkamate $(Bux^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$. BPMC $(Bassae^{(R)}50\%\;Ec)$ and MIPC $(Mipcin\;50\%\;Wp)$ were tested with 100, 200 and 400 times of water solution on the basis of single application at the six different intervals. Salithion was the most effective for the pressure of the gall formation by the pine gall midges and Omethoate, Monocrotophos and Metalkamate were relativey effective and others no effective. The most reliable concentration of the insecticides was 100 times of water solution, and the feasible timing of insecticide application on the basis of single application would be from May 9 to July 1 with Salithion, June 6 with Metalkamate and June 20 with Omethoate and Monocrotophos. The number of pine needles with the larval injured signs (no larvae in the needles) excluded the gall-formed needles were relatively higher in the treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos than other insecticides. The treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos caused the lower larval population in the gall than other insecticides.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.443-451
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to compare the rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling in blood samples obtained by a syringe needle versus a vacuum tube needle. Methods: A randomized, prospective study was used to evaluate the differences between the two blood sampling methods. The study group consisted of patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for blood sampling to determine electrolyte level. ED patients were randomly assigned to either the syringe group or the vacuum tube group. All blood samples were collected by experienced ED nurses and hemolysis was determined by experienced laboratory technologists. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and binary logistic regression. Results: One hundred forty-five valid samples were collected (74 in the syringe group versus 71 in the vacuum tube group). 5 of 74 (6.8%) blood samples in the syringe group and 8 of 71 (11.3%) in the vacuum tube group hemolyzed. Repeated blood sampling occurred for 2 of 74 (2.7%) and 3 of 71 (4.2%) in each group respectively. There were no significant differences in rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling between two groups (B=1.97, p=.204; B=2.36, p=.345). Conclusion: Venipuncture with syringe needles can be recommended for ED nurses to obtain blood samples.