• 전기화학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

산소자리에 치환된 불소가 $Li_{1-x}FeO_2Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8) 양극 활물질에 미치는 영향을 고찰하기 위해 다양한 양의 불소를 치환시킨 $Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8, $0.05{\le}y{\le}0.15$) 양극 활물질을 고상법을 이용하여 합성하였다. 불소 미치환 시료 및 치환양이 0.05와 0.1의 시료의 경우, $1-1.5\;{\mu}m$ 크기의 막대 형상 분말 형태에 50-100 nm정도의 작은 구형 입자들이 주위에 분포되어 있는 형태이었다. 반면, 불소 치환양이 0.15인 시료의 경우, 그 모양이 구형으로 변화되어지며 입자가 급격하게 성장하였다. 합성된 시료를 이용하여 제작된 셀들의 충 방전 수행 결과, $Li/Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.9}F_{0.1}-Li_xMnO_2$ 셀이 163 mAh/g의 가장 높은 초기용량을 보였으며 50 싸이클 후에도 95%의 높은 가역 특성을 보였다. 특히, 활물질내의 불소 치환양이 증가할수록 초기 방전용량도 같이 증가하였으나, 불소이온의 치환양이 일정량을 (y>0.1) 넘는 경우에는 산소 자리에 불소이온이 완전하게 치환되지 못하고 불순물로 존재함으로써 전지의 가역특성을 현저하게 저하시키는 요인으로 작용함을 확인하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1990

솔잎혹파리에 대한 내충성(耐蟲性) 품종(品種)을 육성(育成)하기 위하여 곰솔과 소나무의 자연잡종(自然雜種)으로 추정(推定)되는 개체(個體)를 선발(選拔)하고 소나무의 선발개체(選拔個體)에 대(對)한 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한바 다음과 같다. 1. 선발개체(選拔個體)들의 현지(現地)에서 생장상태(生長狀態)는 자연잡종(自然雜種) 소나무에서는 총평균직경생장량(總平均直徑生長量) 및 최근(最近) 5년간(年間)의 직경생장량(直徑生長量)은 곰솔과 소나무의 중간(中間)정도를 나타내고 있으나 개체간(個體間)에 변이(變移)가 심하였다. 2. 침엽(針葉)의 수지청(樹脂淸) 위치(位置)에 대(對)한 RDI는 0.10이상(以上)되는 개체(個體)들을 잡종(雜種)소나무로 간주하고 침엽(針葉)의 길이, 엽초장에서 곰솔은 길고 소나무는 약간 짧으며 기공(氣孔)의 열간(列間) 간격(間隔)은 곰솔에서는 넓고 소나무에서는 좁게 나타나고 있으나 잡종(雜種)소나무는 중간(中間) 수치(數値)를 나타내고 있으나 개체간(個體間)에는 변이(變移)가 많았다. 3. 구과(毬果) 및 종자(種子)의 크기와 실중(實重)에서도 곰솔이 크고 소나무는 곰솔보다 작게 나타나고 있으나 잡종(雜種)소나무는 중간형태(中間形態)를 나타내고 있으며 개체간(個體間)에는 변이(變異)가 심하였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)에서 침엽(針葉), 구과(毬果) 및 종자(種子)의 특성(特性)에서 한가지 특성(特性)만으로 잡종(雜種)소나무를 구분(區分)하는것 보다는 여러가지 특성(特性)을 종합(綜合)하여 판단(判斷)하는 것이 옳다고 생각된다. 4. 잡종(雜種)소나무에서 동위효소(同位酵素) ADH-$B_2$, ME-$A_2$ 및 PGI-$B_1$, $B_2$의 대립유전자(對立遺傳子)가 곰솔에서 이입(移入)된 것으로 본다면 잡종(雜種)소나무를 동위효소(同位酵素)에 의하여 쉽게 판단(判斷)할 수 있으나 이러한 인자(因子)가 나타나지 않는 개체(個體)들은 직별(職別)이 어렵다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.187-208
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• 2000

By the activation of ovary hormone, many morphological changes occur in the epithelial cell lines and muscle cells in rat uterus. These two cells in uterus are important to the implantation of embryo, maintaining pregnancy and starting parturition. One important change associated with the morphological change of these two cells in uterus is the change on prostaglandin(PG) metabolism. Its presence and synthesis in endometriurn and myometrium in uterus affects estrous cycle and the start of embryo implantation in uterus. It also performs as an important modulator in parturition. So the abnormally weak expression of PG causes difficulty during labor and over-expression causes pre-term labor. PG biosynthesis starts from either free or liberated arachidonic acids from membrane phospholipid by phospholipase. Such arachidonic acids are converted into PG catalyzed by Cyclooxygenase. Under normal physiological condition, Cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1) having 602 units of amino acids controls the synthesis of PG. It acts as a local hormone regulating vasomodulation of blood flow, flexible muscle movement, increasing the blood permeability and contributing the protective role in preserving integrity of the stomach lining and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced by the inflammation, pregnancy and increased its expression until parturition. Lipid metabolite like PG is located in uterine and expression of COX-2 increased with pregnancy. Increased expression of COX proteins in epithelial cells and myometrial cells are told to increase the muscle contractility in uterus but decreased right after the labor in rat. It is a good sign indicating that COX proteins are deeply related to the start of labor. Currently, Several studies report the use of PG and COX-2 inhibitor as medication for controlled abortion or to prevent pre-term labor but they entail various side-effects. Our study proposed to suggest use of acupuncture as an another mediator to control abortion or pre-term labor without causing unnecessary side-effects by those medicines. Two acupuncture sites, LI-4 & SP-6 were selected due to their known efficacy. From the immunohistochemical staining of COX-2, normal expression of COX-2 protein in nonpregnant SD rat's uterus revealed that COX-2 protein was primarily detected in the lumina epithelial lining and in the epithelial cell lining contacting the stromal cells. High resolution optical microscopic scanning revealed distinguishable staining in the myometrial mucosa. LI-4 acupuncture administered nonpregnant rat's uterus showed strong expression for COX-2 in endometrium contacted with lumina epithelial lining of rat uterus and in myometrial mucosa. Stromal cells showed more staining than untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus and stronger staining in stromal cells contacting myometrial layer compared to untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus. SP-6 acupuncture administered nonpregnant rat's uterus showed weak expression for COX-2 in myometrial layers and stromal cells but no staining was visible in lumina epitheliai and glandular epithelial cells. Few stromal cells and myometrial mucosa were positively stained for COX-2. Pregnant SD rat's uterus was also immunostained for COX-2 expression after 18 days of pregnancy. Unlike to untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus, luminal epithelial cells were not positively stained for COX-2 but stronger staining for COX-2 was revealed in stromal cells. LI-4 acupunctured SD rat's uterus had very strong expression of COX-2 in luminal epithelial lining. Few stromal cells showed stronger positive COX-2 staining and myometrial layers also showed more expression than untreated pregnant rat. SP-6 acupuncture administered pregnant SD rat's uterus showed positive expression of COX-2 in epithelial cells of luminal mucosa layer but weaker than that of LI-4 acupuncture treatment's case. However, strong positive staining was revealed in stromal mucosa and myometrial layers. Virgin SD rat's uterus motility index during LI-4 acupuncture was 66.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.0197) compared to its motility before the acupuncture treatment but the motility index was slighdy elevated up to 79.58 % (Prob〉T = 0.1175) after the acupuncture. During the SP-6 acupuncture treatment for 30 minutes, uterus motility index was 90.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.1832) showing lesser decrement but consequently reached similar motility index decreasal to 79.95 % (Prob〉T = 0.0215) after the acupuncture treatment as LI-4 showed. LI-4 acupuncture tend to be a quick treatment to reducing the uterus motility in a virgin rat but eventually both two acupuncture administration created very similar reduction of uterus motility seeing the index after the both acupunctures. The uterus movement monitored during the LI-4 acupuncture administered for 30 minutes, Pregnant SD rat showed decreased motility down to 77.90 % (Prob〉 T = 0.0076) compared to uterus motility before the acupuncture and it continuously decreased down to 71.81 %(Prob〉T = 0.0214) after the removal of needle. The statistical analysis using paired t-test showed significance difference for both two motility indexs at =0.05. SP-6 acupuncture administered to pregnant SD rat also had similar pattern of decreasing uterus motility index down to 74.70 % (Prob〉T = 0.1730) during the initial 30 minutes acupuncture administration and it was continuously lowered to 71.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.0155) after the acupuncture. The paired t-test resuit for SP-6 suggest prompt response of uterus motility index to the SP-6 acupuncture treatment but consequently reached same level of inducing the motility reduction as LI-4 at =0.05 level.