• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2000

Soil samples were collected in thirteen Manitoba boreal forest sites. Spatial distribution of chytrids from diverse boreal forest microhabitats was investigated by baiting with jack pine pollen. After baiting, the pollen was surveyed for chytrids for 8 ten day period and individual species were counted. Total infestations of pollen by chytrids ranged from 5.8% to 90.2% from various soils. Each site with high infestation was characterized by litter with high needle content while mineral soil or soil with limited organic matter yielded low levels of pollen infestation. Species diversity tended to be higher in soils with higher pollen infestation and lower in soils with lower pollen infestation. Lower diversity was generally observed in mineral soils or soils with a limited organic horizon comprised, in part, of broad leaf litter. Based on coefficients of association and species in common among species across the collection sites, it was possible to relate dominant species assemblages in site groups. These species assemblages in the site groups suggest that the chytrids are distributed by litter and soil types. It can be concluded that the substratum characteristics of litter types and availability of litter may be important in describing chytrid distribution in boreal forest sites.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.175-186
• /
• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.23-27
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate forest carbon cycling and soil $CO_2$ efflux rates in a 42-year-old pine (Pinus densiflora) stand located in Hamyang-gun, Korea. Aboveground and soil organic carbon storage, litterfall, litter decomposition, and soil $CO_2$ efflux rates were measured for one year. Estimated aboveground biomass carbon storage and increment in this stand were $3,250gC/m^2\;and\;156gC\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Soil organic carbon storage at the depth of 30 cm was $10,260gC/m^2$ Mean organic carbon inputs by needle and total litterfall were $176gC\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}\;and\;235gC\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Litter decomposition rates were faster in nne roots less than 2 mm diameter size ($<220\;g\;kg^{-1}yr^{-1}$) than in needle litter ($<120\;g\;kg^{-1}yr^{-1}$). Annual mean and total soil respiration rates were $0.37g\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ and $2,732g\;CO_2m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ during the study period. A strong positive relationship existed between soil $CO_2$ efflux and soil temperature (r=0.8149), while soil $CO_2$ efflux responded negatively to soil pH (r=-0.3582).

• 한국토양동물학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 1999

남산과 광릉의 잣나무림에서 낙엽분해에 관련된 토양미소절지동물을 이목이상의 상위분류군으로 동정한 결과 개체수에 있어서 두 지역 모두 응애류가 61-68%, 톡토기류가 27-35%로 두 분류군이 절대다수를 점유하고 있었다. 응애류에서는 날개응애아목이 현저하게 많았으며, 중기문, 전기문아목은 소수군에 속하였다. 응애류의 총개체수가 광릉이 남산보다 약간 많은 것 이외에는 두 지역간의 토양절지동물 군집구조가 크게 다르지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 낙엽주머니의 mesh size에 따른 차이도 응애류, 거미류, 파리목의 개체수가 1.7 mm에서 0.4 mm보다 높은 것을 제외하면 양자간 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 분류군의 계절 변동에 있어서는 분류군에 따라 다른 밀도변동양상을 나타내었으나 전체적으로는 5월부터 9월까지의 밀도가 다른 시기의 밀도보다 높은 것으로 나타났고, 특히 낙엽분해 1년차에는 7월의 밀도가 뚜렷하게 높게 나타났다. 낙엽의 잔존율은 낙엽후 1년 동안은 지속적으로 떨어졌다. 낙엽분해 2년차에서는 잔존률의 하강속도가 둔화되는 경향을 보였으며, 최종조사 시점인 22개월 후의 낙엽잔존율은 약 40% 정도가 되었으며, 두 지역간, 낙엽주머니 mesh size간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 낙엽분해 2년차까지는 남산과 광릉의 입지환경 차이가 두 지역 잣나무 낙엽분해과정에 관련된 토양절지동물군집과 낙엽분해율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았던 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2011

We evaluated the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status of litterfall in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand damaged by pine wilt disease in Jinju City, which was one of the areas severely affected by the disease in Korea. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between tree density and basal area and the C and N status of litterfall components, but C and N status was not correlated with mean diameter at breast height in the pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C and N concentrations were linearly related (P < 0.05) to basal area in pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C concentration decreased with a decrease in damage intensity due to pine wilt disease, whereas litter N concentration increased with an increase of basal area in pine wilt disease stands. The linear regression equations developed for litterfall C and N inputs were significant (P < 0.05), with basal area accounting for 50-86% of the variation, except for cone and flower litter. The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease could impact the quality and quantity of C and N in litterfall of pine stands suffering from pine wilt disease.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제79권4호
• /
• pp.431-434
• /
• 1990

잣나무의 계절적학(季節的學) 생장과정(生長過程)을 알아보기 위하여, 15년생(年生) 잣나무 고립목(孤立木)의 눈(芽), 신초(新梢), 침엽(針葉)의 생장(生長) 패턴을 조사(調査)하였고, 간벌(間伐)이나 지타(枝打)를 실시하지 않은 28년생(年生) 잣나무림의 낙엽량(落葉量)과 세근량(細根量)의 계절별(季節別) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)하였다. 신초(新梢)는 4월(月) 12일(日) 부터 생장(生長)을 시작하여 6월(月) 7일(日)에 생장(生長)을 정지(停止)하였는데 이 때가 눈이 형성(形成)되는 시기(時期)이다. 신엽(新葉)은 5월(月) 10일(日) 부터 생장(生長)을 시작(始作)하여 7월(月) 19(日)에 생장(生長)을 정지(停止)하였는데 이 때는 눈이 신장(伸張)되는 시기(時期)였다. 낙엽시기(落葉時期)는 대부분 10월중(月中)이었으며 7월(月)과 8월(月)에도 폭풍우에 의하여 일부 낙엽(落葉)이 되었다. 세근(細根)의 생장(生長)은 가을에 대부분(大部分) 이루어 졌으며(1,004 kg/ha), 세근(細根)의 고사(枯死)는 겨울(583 kg/ha)과 봄(1,331 kg/ha)에 대부분(大部分) 발생(發生)하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 1993

나뭇잎으로부터 발생되는 저분자량 유기산을 이온크로마토그래피를 이용하여 분석하였다. 이 방법은 자연상태의 나뭇잎 (needle litter)을 유기용매의 추출 없이 그대로 이용할 수 있어서 사용하기에 편리하다. 본 논문에서는 이온 크로마토그래피의 사용방법과 침엽수잎(Pacific Silver Fir)의 부후정도에 따른 유기산의 종류와 농도의 변이를 간략하게 소개한다. 초기의 침엽수잎 여과액으로부터는 $C_2$에서 $C_4$까지의 아세트산(acetic acid), 프로피온산(propionic acid), 옥살산(oxalic acid) 그리고 포름산(formic acid) 등이 주종을 이루지만 부후정도가 커짐에 따라 방향핵을 가진 방향핵 유기산(aromatic organic acid)이 발생한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 2007

Litter production, nutrient contents of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients returned to forest floor via litterfall were investigated from May 2005 through April 2006 in Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora forests at Mt. Worak National Park. Total amount of litterfall during one year in Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis and P. densiflora forests was 542.7, 459.2 and $306.9\;g\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Of the total litterfall, leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the others occupied 50.3%, 22.7%, 10.1 % and 16.9% in Q. mongolica forest, 81.9%, 7.2%, 3.1% and 7.9% in Q. variabilis forest, 57.4%, 12.8%, 5.6% and 24.1 % in P. densiflora forest, respectively. Nutrients concentrations in oak litterfall were higher than those in needle litter. N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentration in leaf litterfall were 13.8, 1.1, 7.2, 4.2 and 1.3 mg/g for Q. mongolica forest, 10.5, 0.7, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.6 mg/g for Q. variabilis forest, 5.3, 0.4, 1.2, 2.8 and 0.6mg/g for P. densiflora forest, respectively. The amount of annual input of N, P, K, Ca and Mg to the forest floor via litterfall was 43.36, 2.89, 21.38, 23.31 and $5.62\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. mongolica forest, 32.28, 2.01, 10.23, 20.29 and $7.78\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. variabilis forest, 15.80, 1.04, 3.99, 9.70 and $2.10\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora forest, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1969

In this experiment, the litters of each five species of neadle-leaf trees and broad-leaf trees were laid on each pot soils, which had same soil conditions, is the green house and the sil fertility of each pots were determined after four years. Chemical properties among each pot soils under litters of needle-laef trees showed remarkable different values in the pH, base exchange capacity, total exchangeable base, base saturation, organic matter, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and calcium, and that of broad-leaf trees showed respectively significant difference. The content of chemical components, such as total exchangeable base, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchanbeable potassium, between pot soils under litters of the needle-leaf trees and the broad-leaf trees were significant at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels of the statistical probability. The fertility of soil under the influence of decayed fallen leaves is the highest value in the posts of broad-leaves and next to the pots of needle-leaves and the control pots the lowest. The pH value of the soil with various kinds of fallen leaves showed little difference among themselves, but it especially approached in the broad leaves plots gradually to neutral and hte non-treated plot showed acidity. Lespedeza bicolar and Castanea crenata are supposed to contribute to the fertility of soil. Pinus rigida showed excellent exchanged properties of soi. The leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus koraiensis did not contribute much to the promotion of fertility of soil.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.566-573
• /
• 2014

국가장기생태 연구사업의 일환으로 낙엽활엽수인 신갈나무와 상록침엽수인 소나무 낙엽의 분해율 및 분해과정에 따른 영양염류 함량 변화를 파악하였다. 이를 위해 2005년 12월 월악산의 신갈나무림과 소나무림에 낙엽주머니를 설치하고 2006년 3월부터 2011년 9월까지 69개월간 3개월 간격으로 낙엽주머니를 수거하여 분해율, 분해상수(k), 그리고 분해과정에 따른 C/N비, C/P비의 변화와 영양염류의 동태를 조사하였다. 분해 69개월경과 후 신갈나무와 소나무 낙엽의 잔존률은 각각 $35.4{\pm}2.3%$와 $16.1{\pm}1.3%$로 소나무 낙엽의 분해가 신갈나무 낙엽의 분해보다 빠르게 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 분해 69개월경과 후 신갈나무 낙엽과 소나무 낙엽의 분해상수(k)는 각각 5.97과 10.50으로 소나무 낙엽의 분해상수가 높게 나타났다. 신갈나무 낙엽의 분해과정에 따른 C/N, C/P 비율은 초기에 각각 43.1, 543.9이었으나 69개월경과 후에는 각각 8.7과 141.2로 점차 감소하였으며, 소나무 낙엽의 경우 초기 C/N, C/P 비율은 각각 151.2와 391.4로 나타났고, 분해 69개월경과 후에는 각각 22.9와 136.5로 나타났다. 낙엽의 초기 N, P, K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 신갈나무 낙엽에서 각각 9.30, 0.23, 2.36, 3.14, 1.11mg/g, 소나무 낙엽에서 각각 3.02, 0.09, 1.00, 3.84, 0.62mg/g으로 신갈나무 낙엽에서 질소와 인의 함량이 현저히 높았다. 분해 69개월경과 후 N, P, K, Ca, Mg의 잔존률은 신갈나무 낙엽에서 각각 73.8, 60.9, 17.2, 20.3, 35.1%, 소나무 낙엽에서 각각 69.5, 75.3, 12.3, 10.9, 10.8%로 나타났다.