• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2011

Semi-diurnal internal tides and near-inertial waves are investigated using moored current meter measurements at four sites along the shelf break of the East China Sea during August 1987 and May-June 1988. Each mooring is equipped with four current meters spanning from near surface to near bottom. Spectral analyses of all current data reveal dominant spectra at the semi-diurnal frequency band, where the upper and lower current measurements show out-of-phase relationship between them with significant coherences. These are consistent with typical characteristics of the first-mode semi-diurnal internal tide. Strong intensification of the near-bottom baroclinic currents is observed only at one site, where the ratio of the bottom slope to the slope of the internal-wave characteristics at the semi-diurnal frequency is close to unity. An energetic near-inertial wave event is observed during the first half of May-June 1988 observation at two mooring sites. Rotary spectra reveal that the most dominant signal is clockwise rotating motion at the near-inertial frequency band. Upward phase and downward energy propagations, shown in time-depth contour plots of near-inertial bandpass filtered currents, are confirmed by cross correlations between the upper- and lower-layer current measurements. The upward-propagating phase speed is estimated to be about 0.13 cm $s^{-1}$ at both sites. Significant coherences and in-phase relationships of near-inertial currents at the same or similar depths between the two sites are observed in spite of their long distance of about 110 km.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.363-374
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• 2020

In the past, various research on the effects of waves generated by ships has been investigated. The most noticeable effect of the waves generated by a passing ship is the increase of the hydrodynamic forces and the unwanted large motion of the moored ship and high mooring forces that occur. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the effect of the waves generated by the passing ship near port on the motion of the moored ship and the tension of the mooring lines. A model test was performed with virtual ship-generated waves in a square tank at CWNU (Changwon National University). The IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and Optical-based system were used to measure the 6DOF (Six Degrees of Freedom) motion of the moored floater. Additionally the tension of mooring lines were measured by the tension gauges. The effects of the wave direction and wave height generated by the virtual ship-generated waves on the motion of the moored floater were analyzed.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Fluctuations in the ocean are closely related with the underwater acoustic propagation. Internal waves are generated by fluctuation of isopycnal layer in the upper part of the stratified ocean, which are propagated from offshore to coastal area. Physical characteristics of the internal waves existed in the East Sea were derived from the five field experimental data and the ocean monitoring buoy nearshore the mid-east coast of Korea. The dominant periods are appeared in the near-inertial period about $17{\sim}20hours$ and the short period about a few minutes. The wavelengths of them are $10{\sim}50km$ and $300{\sim}1000m$, and the phase speeds are $20{\sim}100cm/s$ and $30{\sim}70cm/s$, respectively The maximum amplitudes are about $20{\sim}25m$. Under the environment of short depression internal wave propagation, the variations of transmission loss field were investigated using an range-dependent acoustic transmission loss model(RAM). The result shows that the large irregular variations of transmission loss caused by progressing the internal wave from offshore toward coast.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.533-544
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• 2006

The amplitude and phase lag of surface deformation were determined for a compliant coating under the action of turbulent pressure fluctuations. For this purpose, pressure fluctuations were measured experimentally. The amplitude and duration of coherent wave train of pressure fluctuations were investigated using digital filtration. The transient response was calculated for stabilization of forced oscillations of the coating in approximation of local deformation. The response of coating was analyzed with considerations of its inertial properties and limited duration of coherent harmonics action of pressure fluctuations. It is shown that a compliant coating interacts not with the whole spectrum of pressure fluctuations, but only with a frequency range near the first resonance. According to the analysis, with increasing elasticity modulus of the coating material E, deformation amplitude decreases as 1/E, and dimensionless velocity of the coating surface decreases as $1/\sqrt{E}$. For sufficiently hard coatings, deformation amplitude becomes smaller than the thickness of viscous sublayer, while surface velocity remains comparable to vertical velocity fluctuations of the flow.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2020

준관성주기파(NIW)는 주로 바람에 의해 생성되며, 해양 연직혼합에 중요한 요소이다. 태풍의 빠른 풍속과 이동경로에 따른 풍향변화는 NIW 생성에 충분한 조건을 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 동해 실시간 해황예보모형 출력자료를 이용하여 태풍의 영향으로 인한 NIW의 생성과 분포 그리고 동해 중규모 소용돌이가 NIW의 심층 전파에 주는 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 이용한 출력자료 기간은 2013년부터 2017년까지 총 5개년이며, 이 기간 중 동해에 강한 NIW에너지를 만든 3개 태풍(할롱, 고니, 차바)에 초점을 맞추었다. 태풍에 의한 NIW 변동을 검토하기 위하여 강제력으로 작용하는 태풍의 바람에너지유입(${\bar{W}}_I$)과 함께 NIW 에너지의 지표인 혼합층 및 심층 수평운동에너지(${\bar{HKE}}_{MLD}$, ${\bar{HKE}}_{DEEP}$)를 계산하였다. ${\bar{HKE}}_{MLD}$는 ${\bar{W}}_I$와 밀접한 관련을 보였으며 태풍 경로의 오른편에서 강하게 나타났다. ${\bar{HKE}}_{DEEP}$는 주로 동해 남부에서 패치형태로 강하게 나타났으며, 음의 상대 소용돌이도를 가지는 난수성 소용돌이와의 상관성이 확인되었다. NIW에너지에 태풍이 주는 영향을 확인하기 위해, 태풍이 없는 여름철과 12월의 에너지와 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과, 태풍에 의한 ${\bar{HKE}}_{MLD}$는 태풍이 없는 여름에 비해 2.5~5.7배, NIW가 가장 큰 12월 평균대비 0.4~1.0배였고, 태풍에 의한 ${\bar{HKE}}_{DEEP}$는 태풍이 없는 여름대비 1.2~1.6배, 12월 평균대비 0.8~1.0배로 태풍에 의한 NIW가 혼합층과 심층의 해양 연직혼합 모두에 상당한 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제20권2E호
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• pp.30-45
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• 2001

This study considers the environmental factors affecting propagation loss and sonar performance in the continental regions of the East Coast Sea of Korea. Water mass distributions appear to change dramatically in a few weeks. Simple calculation with the case when the NKCW (North Korean Cold Water) develops shows that the difference in propagation loss may reach in the worst up to 10dB over range 5km. Another factor, an eddy, has typical dimensions of 100-200km in diameter and 150-200m in thickness. Employing a typical eddy and assuming frequency to be 100Hz, its effects on propagation loss appear to make lower the normal formation of convergence zones with which sonars are possible to detect long-range targets. The change of convergence zones may result in 10dB difference in received signals in a given depth. Thermal fronts also appear to be critical restrictions to operating sonars in shallow waters. Assuming frequency to be 200Hz, thermal fronts can make 10dB difference in propagation loss between with and without them over range 20km. An observation made in one site in the East Coast Sea of Korea reveals that internal waves may appear in near-inertial period and their spectra may exist in periods 2-17min. A simulation employing simple internal wave packets gives that they break convergence zones on the bottom, causing the performance degradation of FOM as much as 4dB in frequency 1kHz. An acoustic experiment, using fixed source and receiver at the same site, shows that the received signals fluctuate tremendously with time reaching up to 6.5dB in frequencies 1kHz or less. Ambient noises give negative effects directly on sonar performance. Measurements at some sites in the East Coast Sea of Korea suggest that the noise levels greatly fluctuate with time, for example noon and early morning, mainly due to ship traffics. The average difference in a day may reach 10dB in frequency 200Hz. Another experiment using an array of hydrophones gives that the spectrum levels of ambient noises are highly directional, their difference being as large as 10dB with vertical or horizontal angles. This fact strongly implies that we should obtain in-situ information of noise levels to estimate reasonable sonar performance. As one of non-stationary noise sources, an eel may give serious problems to sonar operation on or under the sea bottoms. Observed eel noises in a pier of water depth 14m appear to have duration time of about 0.4 seconds and frequency ranges of 0.2-2.8kHz. The 'song'of an eel increases ambient noise levels to average 2.16dB in the frequencies concerned, being large enough to degrade detection performance of the sonars on or below sediments. An experiment using hydrophones in water and sediment gives that sensitivity drops of 3-4dB are expected for the hydrophones laid in sediment at frequencies of 0.5-1.5kHz. The SNR difference between in water and in sediment, however, shows large fluctuations rather than stable patterns with the source-receiver ranges.