• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.443-454
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary full-fat soybeans and linseed as fat sources on in vitro ruminal disappearances of dry matter and unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids profile. The full-fat soybeans and linseed were high in linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and $\alpha$-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), respectively. The incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. After each time of incubation, medium digesta was lyophilized for analyzing its DM and fatty acids contents. DM disappearance was significantly higher in linseed treatment compared to full-fat soybeans treatment on 6 h (p<0.01), 12 h (p<0.05) and 24 h (p<0.01), but cumulative gas production was not significantly different between both treatments. Stearic acid (C18:0) content in medium digesta was increased in both soybeans and linseed as a result of complete biohydrogenation with increased incubation time and C18:0 and C18:1 contents of full-fat soybeans were significantly higher than those of linseed (p<0.05). The content of C18:2 and C18:3 in digesta of each treatment were decreased by biohydrogenation as incubation time was increased. The content of C18:2 in full-fat soybeans was significantly higher than that of linseed (p<0.05) while the content of C18:3 in linseed was significantly higher than that of full-fat soybeans (p<0.001). Net C18:0 production was significantly higher in full-fat soybeans (332.24%) than linseed (133.16%) on 72 h. Disappearance of C18:1 was significantly lower in full-fat soybeans than linseed (p<0.05), especially full-fat soybeans showed negative (-) values on 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. The disappearance of C18:3 was significantly higher in linseed than full-fat soybeans (p<0.05). The disappearance of C18-unsaturated fatty acid was significantly higher in linseed than full-fat soybeans. In conclusion, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in both full-fat soybeans and linseed were extensively biohydrogenated. In addition, biohydrogenation of PUFA was more completed to C18:0 in full-fat soybeans than linseed, reflecting dietary PUFA composition.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2001

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of n-6(corn oil) & n-3(fish oil) fatty acids on infarction size and the cerebral activities of antioxidant enzyme in rat focal brain ischemia model. Weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either corn oil supplemented diet(COD, 14% corn oil) or fish oil supplemented diet(FOD, 14% menhaden oil) for 6 weeks. The right middle cerebral artery was occluded for 2 hours with a silicon rubber coated nylon surgical thread. After 24 hours of recirculation, the rats were sacrificed and brain sections were photographed using CCD camera after staining with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride for 60 minutes in room temperature. The infarcted area was measured and the volume of infarction was calculated. Catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities, and fatty acid composition in the brain were also measured. The total and corrected infarction volumes were not significantly different between FOD and COD group. The docosagexaenoic acid(DHA) and DHA content/arachidonic acid(AA) ratio of the cerebral cortex, an index of defense against lipid oxidation, were significantly increased in FOD group compared to those of COD group(p<0.05). In the left cortex(non-infarction side) as well as the right cortex(infarction side) of FOD group, CAT and Cu/Zn SOD activities were higher than those of the COD group(p<0.05). However, CAT and Cu/Zn SOD activities were not significantly different between the left cortex(non-infarction side) and the right cortex(infarction side) of both FOD and COD group. GPx activities were also not significantly different between two groups. Our results demonstrate that the brain infarction size in FOD and COD were not significantly different. However, cerebral lipid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in FOD and COD group were different. Fish oil, a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) and corn oil, that of n-6(PUFA) may have a protective effect against oxidative stress induced via different mechanisms.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.629-636
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• 2008

This study was carried out to compare the quality of beef from outdoor-reared before finishing and indoor-reared Hanwoo. Among the experimental animals, $28{\pm}4$ mon-aged Hanwoo cows (n=5) were outdoor-reared for 7 mon (April-November) and then indoor-reared for 6 mono The 6 mon-aged Hanwoo steers (n=10) were indoor-reared for 24 mono The M. longissimus from all animals were stored at $4{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Carcasses from outdoor-reared cattle before finishing were lighter, firmer, maturer, and leaner than indoor-reared (p<0.05). The beef from outdoor-reared cattle had lower crude fat and n-6 PUFA contents, n-6/n-3 ratio, and higher n-3 PUFA and SFA contents than indoor-reared (p<0.05). The pH and water-holding capacity were lower in beef from outdoor-reared cattle than in indoor-reared (p<0.05). The aroma pattern by electronic nose was discriminately different between beef from outdoor-reared and indoor-reared cattle. During storage, beef from outdoor-reared cattle showed lower lipid and myoglobin oxidation stabilities, and a darker and less red color than indoor-reared.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1718-1734
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• 2009

The aim of this review is to address some characteristics that influence meat quality. Genetic groups, nutrition, finishing systems and gender are the major factors that change carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Genetic groups that have zebu genes in their composition show higher hot carcass dressing than genetic groups without zebu genes. Genetic groups that have European breeds in their composition have higher marbling scores. On the other hand, genetic groups that have zebu breeds show low marbling scores. Bulls finished in feedlots present higher final weight than steers, cull cows and heifers. Fat thickness is one of the principal parameters that are affected by different gender. Cull cows (4.72 mm) and heifers (4.00 mm) present higher values than bulls (1.75 mm) and steers (2.81 mm). The major effects observed by different systems of termination are fat thickness and marbling. Crude protein presents variation due to nutrition. Nutrition influences variation of fatty acid profile. Genetic groups also influence fatty acid profile. Genetic groups that have zebu genes in their composition show high percentage of PUFA. The major class of fatty acids that is changed with nutrition is PUFA. The better ratios of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 are found in Longissimus muscle of animals finished in pasture systems.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2019

Purpose: Malnutrition may influence neurocognitive development in children by directly affecting the brain structural development, or indirectly by affecting the children's cognition experience. Malnutrition alters the cell numbers, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission due to inadequate availability of necessary micronutrients to support cell growth. We aimed to analyze neurocognitive development in infants with malnutrition and its association with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), micronutrients levels and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings. Methods: The study included two groups; group 1, infants with malnutrition (n=24), group 2; healthy infants (n=21). Peripheral blood was obtained from the participants for studying micronutrients and LC-PUFA levels. The neurocognitive development was analyzed by the use of an Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory test. MRS were performed on all infants. Results: All parameters of neurocognitive development and serum calcium ($9.6{\pm}0.9mg/dL$ vs. $10.4{\pm}0.3mg/dL$, p<0.05) and magnesium ($2.02{\pm}0.27mg/dL$ vs. $2.2{\pm}0.14mg/dL$, p<0.05) levels were noted as being low in infants with marked malnutrition. No difference was found in LC-PUFA levels between healthy and malnourished infants. Thalamic choline/creatine levels were significantly high in infants with malnutrition ($1.33{\pm}0.22$ vs. $1.18{\pm}0.22$, p<0.05). Total neurocognitive development in infants was positively correlated with serum calcium levels (p<0.05, r=0.381). Conclusion: Calcium supplementation may improve neurocognitive development in malnourished infants.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 1989

The effects of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on protein and phospholipid con-tents, and cholesterol level were studied in rats fed with diets of different fat composition. Body weights of fish oil groups were decreased to $11.1\%\~14.4\%$ compared with lard group (control), and also $16.4\%\~23.3\%$ compared with corn oil group, respectively. Protein contents of $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil groups in liver were increased to $6.78\%\~8.51\%$ compared with control group, but were no significant difference in brain and serum. $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil slightly repressed the phospholipid in microsome of liver. Moreover they effectively reduced the serum cholesterol levels compared with control group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.324-335
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We examined dietary fat intake and the major food sources by young children in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 1,041 children aged 1-5 years were identified from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on total fat and fatty acid intake were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and fatty acids consumption according to each food. Fat and fatty acid intakes and their food sources were presented by age group (1-2-y, n = 401; 3-5-y, n = 640). Fat and fatty acid intakes were also evaluated according to socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: The mean intake of fat was $27.1{\pm}0.8g$ in the 1-2-y group and $35.5{\pm}0.7g$ in the 3-5-y group, and about 23% of the total energy was obtained from fat in both age groups. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was $10.5{\pm}0.3g$ in the 1-2-y group and $12.7{\pm}0.3g$ in the 3-5-y group, with the 1-2-y group obtaining more energy from SFA than the 3-5-y group (9.2% vs. 8.3%). The mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was $6.3{\pm}0.1g$ in the total subjects, with $0.8{\pm}0.03g$ of n-3 fatty acids and $5.5{\pm}0.1g$ of n-6 fatty acids being consumed. Milk, pork, and eggs were major food sources of total fat, SFA, and monounsaturated fatty acids, and soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA in both age groups. In the 1-2-y group, children in rural areas had significantly higher intake of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids than did those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide current information on dietary fat intake among young Korean children and could be used to establish dietary strategies for improvement of health status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.598-604
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• 2009

This work was carried out to study the carcass characteristics, the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile in Longissimus muscle (LM) of bull breeds Nellore, NEL (11), Caracu, CAR (12) and Holstein-Friesian, HFR (12) finished in a feedlot. The bulls were fed twice a day with corn silage, cotton meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salt. NEL and CAR bulls had similar (p>0.05) final weight and hot carcass weight. However, NEL and CAR bulls had higher (p<0.05) final weight and hot carcass weight than HFR bulls. Carcass hot dressing, carcass conformation, cushion thickness, Longissimus muscle area and texture were similar (p>0.05) among NEL, CAR and HFR bulls. NEL and HFR bulls had higher (p<0.05) carcass length in comparison to the CAR breed. Nellore breed had higher (p<0.05) leg length in comparison to CAR and HFR breeds. Leg length was similar (p>0.05) between CAR and HFR breeds. Thickness fat, color and marbling score were lower (p<0.05) in NEL breed in comparison to CAR and HFR breeds. LM of NEL bulls had higher (p<0.05) meat moisture content in comparison to CAR and HFR bulls. In contrast, lipid content was lower (p<0.10) in HFR bulls. LM ash and crude protein contents were similar (p>0.05) among breeds. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher (p<0.10) in HFR animals. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6, n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratio were similar (p>0.05) among the different breeds. N-6/n-3 ratio was higher (p<0.05) in CAR animals.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

We evaluated the nutritional composition of the siphon of the surf clam Tresus keenae in regard to the presence of nitrogenous [amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, total creatinine, betaine, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), and trimethylamine (TMA)] and non­nitrogenous compounds (sugars and organic acids), lipid fatty-acid composition, and occurrence of minerals. The content of total free amino acids was 660.27 $\pm$ 7.94 mg/100 g, and the predominant amino acids were arginine, alanine, sarcosine, glycine, and glutamic acid. These amino acids accounted for $71\;\%$ of the total free amino acids. Among the nucleotides and their related compounds, inosine was the major component and comprised 40.38 $\pm$ 0.02 mg/100 g. Free amino acids were the largest contributor to total extracted nitrogen, comprising $49.94\%$, followed by total creatinine, betaine, nucleotides, and ammonia; the contribution of TMAO and TMA was small. For the non-nitrogenous compounds, malic acid, propionic acid, and succinic acid comprised the major portion of the ten kinds of organic acids detected, and the sugars found were glucose, maltose, and arabinose, which were estimated to be $147.0\pm7.15,\;34.45\pm1.09,\;and\;1.21\pm0.02\;mg/100\;g,$ respectively. The predominant minerals were Na and K, which comprised $11.43\pm1.06\;and\;9.46\pm1.02\;mg/100\;g,$ respectively. The major fatty acids were C22:6, C20:5, C23:0, C18:3, and C16:0 in the lipid fractions. The 23:0 level of glycolipid (GL) was the highest of any other lipid fraction. The amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the lipid fractions was higher, ranging from $58.22\%\;in\;GL\;to\;77.1\%$ in phospholipid (PL), compared to the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Of the n-3 fatty acids, C20:5 and C22:6 contributed $35.30-64.44\%$ of PUFA in the lipid fractions. The ratios of n-3 to n-6 PUFA in total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL), PL, and GL were 4.35, 4.26, 6.69, and 2.04, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.612-618
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• 2012

The proximate and fatty acid compositions of the edible portion of three species of cultured freshwater fish (common eel Anguilla japonica, rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss, and Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio) were compared between imports from China and domestically produced specimens. The lipid contents of cultured common eel and rainbow trout were rich in imported fishes (20.4 and 12.2%, respectively) compared with those in domestic ones (16.0 and 8.01%, respectively), while those of Israeli carp were rich only in the domestically produced specimens (8.06 and 3.07%, respectively). There was a negative correlation between the lipid and moisture contents in all fish samples (r =-0.86). The protein contents ranged from 16.6 to 21.3% in domestic fishes and 15.3 to 19.1% in imported ones. The most prominent fatty acids in the fishes were: saturated fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0 and 14:0; monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-7; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 18:2n-6, 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA). The percentage of n-3 PUFA (e.g., DHA, 22:5n-3, EPA, and 18:3n-3) was higher in domestic common eel and Israeli carp than in imported ones, but similar in domestic and imported rainbow trout, and higher in domestic wild rainbow trout than in cultured ones. On the other hand, all of the cultured freshwater fishes contained a relatively large amount of 18:2n-6, which is a characteristic fatty acid in cultured fish lipids.