• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2014

In this study, the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs formulated with different levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%) of bee pollen were investigated during storage at $41^{\circ}C$ for 9 d. Protein content of meatballs increased, while moisture content decreased with increased pollen. The addition of pollen improved cooking loss but decreased the redness (Hunter a value) and sensory scores. Textural parameters (hardness, springsness, gumminess, and chewiness) were affected by pollen addition and the hardness and gumminess values of meatballs decreased as the pollen content increased. While C18:0 content of meatballs slightly decreased with pollen addition, C18:2n-6c, C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, and PUFA contents increased. The PUFA/saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio increased from 0.05 in the control to 0.09 in meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 11.84 in the control to 3.65 in the meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The addition of pollen retarded the lipid oxidation and inhibited the bacterial growth in meatballs. The pH, redness, TBA value and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and S. aureus counts values changed significantly during storage. The results suggest that bee pollen could be added to enhance the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs with minimal changes in composition and/or sensory properties.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 1995

Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipids were determined along with anthropometric measurements in 174 healthy male subjects with mean age of 50.3$\pm$6.8 years from Taegu area in Korea. Body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip(W/H) ratio of the subjects were 23.18$\pm$2.46 and 0.88$\pm$0.04, respectively and their systolic and distolic blood pressures were 127.8$\pm$15.5 and 83.9$\pm$10.8mmHg. Twenty one percent of the subject had BMI over 25. Average seum levels of total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were 187.7$\pm$34.9, 117.6$\pm$33.5, 41.1$\pm$9.0 and 140.7$\pm$83.6mg/dl, respectively. Sixteen percent of the subject had LDL-chole-sterol over 130mg/dl. Serum level of lipid peroxide measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) of the subject was 2.01$\pm$0.77 MDA nmoles/ml and those of $\alpha$-tocopherol, retinol. ascorbic acid and sum of $\alpha$- and $\beta$-carotene were 9.59$\pm$3.11$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 1.15$\pm$ 0.38$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 10.5$\pm$3.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 64.6$\pm$43.$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, respectively. About 14% of the sujects had low vitamin E status of less than 7.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml,. while 6% had low vitamin C status of less than 4.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, Serum vitamin E showed positive correlations with total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, but no correlation with TBARS. Fatty acids of serum total lipid were composed of 42.9% as saturnted. 19.3% as monounsaturated and 36.7% polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). N-6 and n-3 PUFA were 27.7% and 8.3% of total fatty acids. N-6/n-3 PUFA ratios were negatively correlated both with serum total cholesterol and TBARS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2019

본 연구는 제6기 (2013 ~ 2015년) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 만 9 ~ 11세의 학령기 아동 752명을 대상으로 아토피 피부염 유병에 따른 지방산 섭취상태 및 지방산 섭취가 아토피 피부염 위험에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 국내 만 9 ~ 11세 아동의 아토피 피부염 유병율은 17.69% 이었고, 아토피 피부염 아동의 연령이 10.20세로 정상 아동의 10.01세보다 유의적으로 높았다. 그러나, 체위상태를 살펴보았을 때, 아토피 피부염 아동의 신장, 체중, BMI 모두 정상 아동보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 월 가구 소득수준은 아토피 피부염 아동에서 중하> 상> 중상> 하의 순으로 나타난 반면, 정상 아동은 중상> 상> 중하> 하 순으로 차이를 보였다. 국내 9 ~ 11세의 아토피 피부염 아동은 정상 아동에 비해 탄수화물의 에너지섭취비율이 유의적으로 높고, 지질의 에너지섭취비율, 다가불포화지방산, n-3 지방산, n-6 지방산의 섭취상태가 유의적으로 낮았다. 또한, 리놀레산, 감마 리놀레산, 리놀렌산 섭취량도 아토피 피부염 아동에서 정상 아동에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 연령, 성별, 체질량지수 및 소득수준을 보정하였을 때에도 동일한 결과를 보였다. 그러나 P/S 비율 및 n-6/n-3 비율은 아토피 피부염 아동과 정상 아동 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 9 ~ 11세 아동의 총 지방 및 단일불포화지방산 섭취에서 가장 기여도가 높은 식품은 돼지고기로 전체 섭취량의 12.97%, 17.47%였다. 포화지방산 섭취에 기여도가 가장 높은 식품은 우유로, 전체 섭취량의 18.24%였다. 콩기름은 다가불포화지방산, n-3 지방산 및 n-6 지방산 섭취에서 기여도가 가장 높은 식품으로, 전체 섭취량의 23.79%, 25.24%, 24.07%였다. 아토피 피부염 아동에서는 다가불포화지방산 및 n-6 지방산 급원식품으로 정상아동과 달리 닭고기가 상위 10개 식품에 포함되었고, 참기름의 섭취량이 높았다. n-3 지방산 급원식품으로 고등어 섭취량이 아토피 피부염 아동에서 높았다. 국내 9 ~ 11세 아동에서 지방산 섭취가 아토피 피부염 위험도에 미치는 영향은 보정 여부에 상관없이 탄수화물의 에너지섭취비율은 아토피 피부염 위험도를 유의적으로 높이는 반면, 지질의 에너지섭취비율, 다가불포화지방산, n-3 지방산, n-6 지방산의 섭취가 아토피 피부염 위험도를 유의적으로 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 이상을 종합해 볼 때, 학령기 아동의 아토피 피부염 위험도에 탄수화물 및 지질의 에너지섭취비율, 불포화지방산, n-6 지방산 및 n-3 지방산의 섭취량 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 보이나, 아토피 피부염 아동에서 보여 지는 고탄수화물 저 지질식은 증상 개선을 위한 식이조절의 결과일 수 있어, 결과해석에 주의가 필요하다. 식이 조절 시, 적절한 지방산 섭취비율의 균형을 고려하여 섭취하는 것이 도움이 될 것으로 사료되며, 이와 관련하여 아토피 피부염 개선을 위한 지방산의 적정 비율에 관한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7879-7884
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• 2014

To investigate the association between intake of freshwater fish and their fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women, we conducted a case-control study with 669 cases and 682 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit detailed information. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Total freshwater fish intake was linked to decrease in the adjusted OR for breast cancer, but without dose-dependence. Analyses by freshwater fish species showed that consumption of black carp and silver carp was inversely related to breast cancer risk, with adjusted-ORs for the highest intake category of black carp (${\geq}500g/month$) of 0.54 (95%CI=0.33-0.92; $P_{trend}$ <0.002) and for silver carp (${\geq}1000g/month$) of 0.19 (95%CI=0.11-0.33; $P_{trend}$ <0.001). In contrast, consumption of crucian carp was positively related to breast cancer risk, with an adjusted OR for the highest intake category (${\geq}1000g/month$) of 6.09 (95%CI=3.04-12.2; $P_{trend}$ <0.001). Moderate intakes of SFA, PUFA, n3-PUFA and n6-PUFA from freshwater fish may decrease the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. The findings of this study suggest that intake of freshwater fish and their fatty acids may modify risk of breast cancer, and that different species of freshwater fish could have a different actions on breast cancer risk. Future epidemiologic studies are needed to know the effects of freshwater fish intake on breast cancer risk and the cause of these effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1159-1168
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• 2012

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Alisma canaliculatum with probiotics (ACP) on the growth performance, meat composition, oxidative stability, and fatty acid composition of broiler meat. Sixteen probiotic strains were tested for their levels of acid, bile, and heat tolerance. Among them, Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC 3111, Enterococcus faecium KCTC 2022, Bacillus subtilis KCTC 3239, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7928 were selected for use in ACP. Exactly 140 Ross broiler chicks were assigned to four dietary treatments in five replications for 5 wks in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were NC (Negative control; basal diet), PC (Positive control; basal diet with 0.005% Chlortetracycline), ACP-0.5% (basal diet with 0.5% ACP powder), and ACP-1% (basal diet with 1% ACP powder). According to the results, body weight of the broilers increased, and feed conversion ratio improved in the ACP-0.5% group compared to the NC group (p<0.05). Crude protein content of breast meat was higher (p<0.05) in the ACP-0.5% group, whereas crude fat content of thigh meat was lower (p<0.05) in the supplemented groups. Breast meat absolute and relative weights were both higher (p<0.05) in the ACP groups compared to the control group. Further, ACP diets increased gizzard and decreased large intestine relative weights, whereas kidney relative weight decreased upon the addition of a higher level (1%) of ACP (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of breast and thigh meats were reduced (p<0.05) by ACP supplementation compared to control. Regarding the fatty acid composition of breast meat, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, PUFA, and n6 fatty acid levels decreased (p<0.05) in the ACP groups, whereas the levels of linoleic acid, PUFA, PUFA/SFA, and n6 fatty acid in thigh meat decreased (p<0.05) by ACP and PC diets. It can be suggested based on the study results that ACP-0.5% diet could be an effective feed additive for broilers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.685-691
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• 1993

n-3계 EPA와 DHA의 함유 비율이 높은 정어리유와 n-6계 linoleic acid의 함유 비율이 높은 홍화유의 혼합 급여가 고지질식이 흰주의 주요 장기 및 조직의 지질 개선 작용을 구명하기 위해 Sprague Dawley계 숫 흰쥐에게 버터 식이를 대조군으로 하고 정어리유 및 홍화유의 혼합 비율을 달리한 유지를 급여하여 4주간 실험 사육한 후 주요 장기 및 조직의 지질성분을 분석 검토한 결과, 간장의 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질 및 인지질 농도는 시험유지의 P/S비 0.85, n-6/n-3P비 2.85인 5군(4% 정어리유+4% 홍화유)에서 가장 낮았고 유리 콜레스테롤 농도는 4군(6% 정어리유+2% 홍화유), 5군에서 특히 낮았다. 뇌조직중의 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지질의 농도는 5군에서, 인지질 농도는 3군(8% 홍화유)에서 유의성 있게 낮았다. 고환의 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질, 인지질 및 유리 콜레스테롤 농도는 대조군에 비해 전실험군에서 낮았으며, 신장의 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질, 인지질 및 유리 콜레스테롤 농도는 3군, 7군에서 대조군에 비해 현저히 낮았다. 이상의 결과에서 주요 장기 및 조직의 각종 지질 성분의 농도 등으로 미루어 보아, n-3계 PUFA 함유 비율이 높은 정어리유와 n-6계 PUFA 함유비율이 높은 홍화유를 동량 혼합 급여하였을 때, 주요 장기 및 조직의 지질개선 효과가 더욱 높은 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 시험 유지의 P/S비 0.85, n-6/n-3P 비가 2.85로서 적정한 혼합유지의 비율로 인한 것이라 추정된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2022

This study evaluated the nutritional composition and quality traits of rabbit meat as compared to chicken meat. Samples of loin (M. longissimus dorsi) and breast meats were collected from rabbit and chicken carcasses, respectively. The meats were then analyzed for the proximate composition, collagen and energy contents, fatty acid composition, myoglobin and heme iron contents, pH value, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, meat color, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) value, and texture profile. Compared to chicken breast meat, lower (p<0.05) protein content and higher (p<0.05) ash and collagen contents were obtained in rabbit loin meat. Rabbit meat remarkably had higher (p<0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and linolenic acid contents and lower (p<0.05) n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio as compared to chicken meat. The pH value and WHC were lower (p<0.05) in rabbit meat than in chicken meat (p<0.05). Rabbit meat exhibited lower (p<0.05) L^* value and higher (p<0.05) a^* and b^* values compared to chicken meat (p<0.05). The WBSF value, hardness, and gumminess were higher (p<0.05) in rabbit meat than in chicken meat (p<0.05). These findings suggest that rabbit meat has higher essential n-3 PUFA, darker color, and firmer texture as compared to chicken meat.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2009

Proximate compositions and fatty acid profiles of cultured and wild mackerel (Scomber japonicus) muscles were compared. Protein content ranged from approximately 16% to 18% and was higher in wild fish than in cultured ones. Lipid content was between two to four times higher in large and small cultured fish (20.1-20.5%) compared with same sized wild fish. The prominent non-polar lipid (NL) class in fish muscles was triglyceride, and additionally, free sterol was among the prominent NL classes in wild fish muscles. Prominent phospholipid (PL) classes in cultured and wild fish muscles were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, with the former being higher in cultured fish and the latter higher in wild fish. Prominent fatty acids of total lipid were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), 16:1n-7, 18:0 and 14:0, while 18:2n-6 was among the prominent fatty acids in cultured fish. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, DHA+EPA) content (in mg/100 g of muscle tissue) was higher in cultured fish (2,711 mg in large fish and 2,572 mg in small fish) than in wild fish (2,431 mg in large fish and 1,398 mg in small fish). In conclusion, we have been able to demonstrate that cultured mackerel could also be a good sources of n-3 PUFA, such as DHA and EPA.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1996

Essentiality was proposed in the field of lipid by Burr and Burr in 1929. When rats were raised on the fat-free diet, their growth retarded and their skin and tails showed the characteristic deficient symptoms, which were relieved by the addition of ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic(LA) and arachidonic(AA) acids to the basal diet. LA is dehydrogenated to ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(GLNA) by ${\Delta}6$ desaturase, then GLNA is 2 carbon chain elongated by elongase to $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(DGLNA), which is desaturated by ${\Delta}5$ desaturase to AA. These acids are called LA family or ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid(ALNA) is converted through the series of desaturation and elongation steps to docosahexaenic acid(DHA) via eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA). These acids belong to ALNA family or ${\omega}3(n-3)$PUFA. Human who consume large amounts of EPA and DHA, which are present in fatty fish and fish oils, have increased levels of these two fatty acids in their plasma and tissue lipids at the expense of LA and AA. Alternately, vegetarians, whose intake of LA in high, have more elevated levels of LA and AA and lower levels of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids and in cell membranes than omnivores. AA and EPA are metabolized to substances called eicosanoids. Those derived form AA are known as prostanocids(prostaglandins and prostacyclins) of the 2-types and leukotrienes of the 4-series, whereas those derived from EPA are known as prostanoids of the 3-types and leukotrienes of the 5-series. DGLNA is a precursor of the 1-types of prostaglandins. The metabolites of AA and EPA have competitive functions. Ingestion of EPA from fish or fish oil replaces AA from membrane phospholipids in practically all cells. So this leads to a more physiological state characterized by the production of proatanoids and leukotrienes that have antithrombic, antichemotactic, antivasoconstrictive and antiinflammatory properties. It is evident that ${\omega}3$ fatty acids can affect a number of chronic diseases through eicosanoids alone.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.445-453
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• 1994

색소 추출물의 급이에 의한 무지개송어 간지질의 지방산조성 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 색소 추출물의 지방산조성은 18:2n-6가 $14.2\%$, 20:5n-3가 $3.5\%$, 22:6n-3가 $8.3\%$로 EFA 사료로서의 가치가 인정되었다. 2. 모노엔산의 함량은 급이 중 변화가 컸으며 이는 고도불포화산의 변화에 기인된 것으로 나타났다. 3. 색소 추출물 급이에 의해 2주 후 무지개송어의 고도불포화지방산의 함량이 증가하여 $25.9\%$ 및 $23.1\%$로 나타났으나, 대조구 및 pink구에서는 $15.0\%$ 및 $18.8\%$로 각각 나타났다. 4. 20:4n-6의 함량이 대조구나 pink구에 비하여 높게 나타나 EFA 결핍에 의한 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 20:1n-11 및 20:2n-11의 함량이 낮은 것은 급이사료에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.