• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.366-380
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• 1993

Quercus acutissima ectomycorrhizae were classified as apical type, linear type, clavate type, diffuse type, pyramidal type, coralloid type, and nodular type. The surface texture of the fungal mantle at the initial stage of mycorrhizal formation was velvety. The surface texture of Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt) mycorrhizae at 30 September was well-developed felty mantle, Yellowish white. Except Pt all mycorrhizae formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi used to experiment were white with felty mantle. Mycorrhizae at the initial stage of mycorrhizae formation were creamy or creamy brown and swelled with thin mantle. Transverse and longitudinal sections showed radially-elongated cortical cell layers and epidermal cell with Hartig net. The transversal wideth of radially-elongated cortical and epidermal cells in the mycorrhizae with thick mantle on 30 September did not different with the mycorrhizae with thin mantle on the initial stage. Pt #250 formed coralloid mycorrizae but Pt KJ-1 did not although they are same species. On the mean length of linear type ectomycorrhizae of Pt KJ-1(2.21mm) was 1.5 times longer than that of Pt #250(1.32mm). The total dry weight of seedlings inoculated with Pt KJ-1, Pt #250, Lycoperdon pedicellatum, Scleroderma verrucosum were significantly heavier than those of suillus granulatus, Laccaria laccata.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.270-275
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• 1998

The management of pine-mushroom forest means the environmental control for fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake. Thus, the management demands intensive study for keeping healthy condition of the fairy ring, and that for the measurement of active portion of the soil ecosystem. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of T. matsutake fungus on the soil physicochemical properties and dehydrogenase activity by dividing the fairy ring into 3 regions such as 'zone of decayed mycorrhizae', 'zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae', and 'in front of fairy ring'. The passing of T. matsutake did not result in significant changes in canon contents of soils, but available phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen contents were different between the soils of active mycorrhizal zone and that in front of fairy ring. The dehydrogenase activity around the fairy ring of T. matsutake was quite lower than that in general forest soils, which indicated that the fairy ring of T. matsutake was built up in the relatively immature soils which contain little organic matter. Thus, the dehydrogenase activity of soil was thought to be used as an index for the management of pine-mushroom forest with considering that the management practically means the environmental control for keeping good conditions for the development of fairy ring of T. matsutake. Especially, the dehydrogenase activity measurement can be recommended as a tool for time-decision of litter removal by floor raking since the activity is a good index of litter decomposition.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 1998

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae(AM) on the growth of trifoliate orange seeding were investigated in volcanic ash soil. Trifoliate orange is used as a root stock of citrus in Cheju island. Seedings innoculated with AM fungi were grown for 16 weeks in pots of various levels of fertilizer. Growth characteristics and mineral nutrient contents were measured and spores of AM fungi colonized were identified. Seventy % of the replicsted pots of seedings were colonized by AM in the treatment of high level fertilizer and additional phosphate (40g of 21-17-17 complex fertilizer and 50g of fused phosphate added to 50L of soil). In treatments of low levels fertilizer or without fused phosphate addition, the pots colonized were less than 20 %. Colonization of trifoliate seedings with AM fungi greatly increased the growth of seedings. Shoot length and weight of shoot and root positively regressed on AM colonization ratio. AM colonization caused higher concentrations of P, Cu and Mg in plant, and the relations were significant at 5 % level. Contents of N and Zn in plants also tended to increase, while that of Ca to decrease, with increasing colonization ratio. Four species of AM fungi - Glomus deserticola, G. rubiforme, G. vesiculiferum and Acaulospora sp, - were found in the soil where roots of trifoliate orange as an innoculation materials were collected. All of the 4 species were found in the inoculated pot soils after the seedling growth, indicating that these species can be colonized in trifoliate orange roots.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.767-773
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• 2001

We investigated the impacts of the fairy-ring of Tricholoma matsutake on the dynamics of soil microflora and soil enzyme activities by grouping the soils around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake into four regions. The regions were grouped as 'zone of decayed mycorrhizae', 'zone of mycorrhizae for fruiting', 'zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae' and 'zone free from mycorrhizal infection'. Soil fungi and actinomycetes were quite little at the soils around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake compared to those of general forest soils, and there were significant differences among the four regions. The soils with the mycelial cluster of T. matsutake showed about one third of microbial population compared to those in the zone free from mycorrhizal infection, which indicated that T. matsutake took a dominant position within the fairy-ring of the fungus. We could manifest that T. matsutake showed a distinctive characteristics of mycorrhizal fungus since the activities of dehydrogenase were significantly different between the zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae and the zone free from mycorrhizal infection. The dehydrogenase activity was the highest at the early season of fruiting around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake, while the acid-phosphatase activity increased from March to June followed by a slight decrease on August and peaked on October. This phenomenon made us infer that the vitality of T. matsutake be sustained after fruiting.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.186-202
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• 1991

Out of the 36 species (22 families) of horticultural plants collected from the horticultural shop around Cheong Ju, the 17 plant species (47.2%) were infected with VA-mycorrhizae in the root tissues. Also, the chlamydospores or azygospores of VA-mycorrhizae were identified (two genera, three species); Acaulospora spinosa, Glomus etinucatum, and G. tortusom. VA-mycorhizae found from the cultivated plants around Korea National University of Education and other area were also identified (four genera, six species); A. myriocarpa, Gigaspora decipiens, G. caledonium, G. glomerulatum, G. microcarpum, and Scutellospora calospora.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Mycorrhiza refers to the association between a plant and a fungus colonizing the cortical tissue of the plant's roots during periods of active plant growth. The benefits afforded by plants from mycorrhizal symbioses can be characterized either agronomically, based on increased growth and yield, or ecologically, based on improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). In either case, the benefit accrues primarily because mycorrhizal fungi form a critical linkage between plant roots and the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. This mycorrhizae-mediated mechanism increases the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. There are seven major types of mycorrhizae along with mycoheterotrophy: endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM), ectomycorrhizae (EM), ectendomycorrhizae, monotropoid, arbutoid, orchid, and ericoid. Endomycorrhizal fungi form arbuscules or highly branched structures within root cortical cells, giving rise to arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may produce extensive extramatrical hyphae and significantly increase phosphorus inflow rates in the plants they colonize. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may produce large quantities of hyphae on the root and in the soil; these hyphae play a role in absorption and translocation of inorganic nutrients and water, and also release nutrients from litter layers by producing enzymes involved in mineralization of organic matters. Over 4,000 fungal species, primarily belonging to Basidiomycotina and to a lesser extent Ascomycotina, are able to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce various mushrooms on the forest floor that are traded at a high price. In this paper, we discuss the benefits, nutrient cycles, and artificial cultivation of mycorrhizae in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2000

The effects of two phosphorus sources (fused phosphate and rock phosphate), applied at different rates, on growth, arbuscular-mycorrhizae(AM) formation in roots and nutrient contents of trifoliate orange grown in an uncultivated volcanic ash soil were investigated in a greenhouse. The seedlings were either inoculated with AM fungi or left uninnoculated. Growth of seedlings were best in the treatments of 156-272 mg P/kg with fused phosphate. Although the applied P in the rack phosphate treatments were nearly same or much higher comparing to the fused phosphate treatments, seedling growth were significantly less. Soil available P in the treatment of 272 mg P/kg of fused phosphate was maintained in the range of 3-5 mg/kg during the experiment, and the AM formation was about 60% in average. In the treatments of lower rates of fused phosphate application or of rock phosphate application, soil available P were lower than 3 mg P/kg and AM formations were less than 30%. Significant increases were found in seedling growth and nutrient absorption due to AM fungi inoculation, and the effects were much more significant in the treatments of higher AM formation. In most of citrus groves in Cheju island, soil available P is much higher than 200 mg P/kg, and average AM formation in citrus roots is less than 30%. Results obtained in this study show that the formation of AM can be increased at much lower level of available P than the present levels found in citrus groves.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.283-291
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• 2000

The beneficial effects of mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth has largely been attributed to higher uptake of P and other mineral nutrients. However, the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on uptake of mineral nutrients are conflicting in various past investigations. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of P application rate on mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient uptake of Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) seedlings grown in non-cultivated volcanic ash soil of Cheju island. Five levels of P (40, 573, 1,106, 1,373. $1,640mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$) were applied with double superphosphate. Seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi were grown for 5 month in a greenhouse. As the level of P application increased, mycorrhizal colonization in the seedlings decreased, and the colonization was significantly reduced when available P was higher than $150mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ levels. There was a significant correlation between mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake by trifoliate orange seedlings at lower P applications. The effectiveness of mycorrhiaze on P uptake was more significant at lower P applications. Uptake of N, K, Ca, Mg an Zn by trifoliate orange seedlings also increased as mycorrhizal colonization increased, but mycorrhizae could not enhance the uptake of Cu by trifoliate orange seedlings in volcanic ash soil of Cheju island.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

A total of 82 genera and 271 species of soil-inhabiting fungi including saprobic, nematode-trapping, and arbuscular mycorrhizal but plant pathogenic fungi published hitherto in South Korea are listed with the information on geographic location, habitat, vegetation when available, and relevant literatures.