• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.652-662
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• 2000

섭취 빈도가 높은 어류중 붉은 살 생선인 고등어(Mackerel), 삼치(Saury pike), 방어(Yellowtail), 연어(Salmon), 흰 살 생선인 조기 및 염장조기(Croaker, Salted Croaker), 및 갈치(Trichiurus)를 시료로 하여 , 가스그릴, 전기그릴과 microwave oven으로 가열 조리한 후 일정기간 동안 냉장 및 냉동 보존한 시료와 보존한 시료를 microwave로 재가열하였을 때 변이원성을 in vitro test로 Ames/salmonella assay를, in vivo test 로 Micronucleous test를 실시하여 검색하고, 그 제어방법으로 항암성분을 많이 함유하고 있는 녹황색 채소즙으로 전처리하여 돌연변이 억제능을 검토하고자 한다. 또한, 지질의 과산화도를 측정하여 변이원 생성과 과산화 지질간의 상관성을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.어류의 가열조리에 의해 대조군(생시료)보다 변이원성이 유의적으로 증가되었는데 , 생성된 변이원은 모두 농도 의존성을 나타내었으며, 5 mg/plate인 농도구간에서 돌연변이원성이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 2. 조리온도가 높아질수록 변이원성이 유의적으로 높아졌으며 대사활성물질을 첨가했을 경우 무첨가시보다 2-4 배정도 돌연변이원성이 높게 나타났다. 3. 조리기기에 따른 복귀 돌연변이 균수는 가스그릴과 전기그릴군 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 MW에서 조리한 시료의 경우에는 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4. 생선 종류별 변이원성을 검색한 결과 흰살 생선이 붉은 살 생선에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 변이원성을 나타내었으며, 붉은 살 생선간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 고등어가 약간 높은 변이원성을 나타내었고, 흰살 생선중에서도 유의차는 없었으나 염장조기가 가장 낮은 변이원성을 나타내었다. 5. 채소즙 및 녹차 추출물로 처리 후 가열조리을 한 시료의 경우 모두 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 변이원성이 억제되었으며, 녹차>생강＞무순으로 변이원성 억제효과가 나타났다. 6. 저장에 의해 돌연변이원성이 유의적으로 증가하였는데, 냉장 저장시 저장 3일째부터, 냉동저장시에는 저장 7일째부터 변이원성이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 냉동저장보다 냉장저장시 더 높은 변이원성을 나타내었고 MW에 의한 재가열에 의해 변이원성이 증가되었다. 7. Micronucleus test 결과, 조리온도가 증가할수록 골수 소핵 형성이 유의적으로 증가되었고, 채소즙 처리군의경우 생강>녹차＞무순으로 골수 소핵 형성 억제효과를 보였다. 8. 조리, 재가열 및 저장 조건에 따른 산패도(TBA value)를 측정한 결과 저장기간이 길어질수록 산패도가 증가하였고 냉장 저장시료의 경우 저장 3일째부터 유의 적으로 산패도가 증가되었으며 냉동 저장 시료의 경우에 는 저장 7일째부터 유의적으로 높은 산패도를 나타내었다. 냉장저장 시료가 냉동저장 시료보다 더 높은 산패도를 나타내었으며, microwave에 의한 재가열에 의해 산패도가 증가되었다. 9. 채소즙 및 녹차 추출물로 처리 한 고등어의 DPPH에 대한 전자공여능(%EDA)측정 결과는 양파>녹차＞생강>양배추 순으로 양파의 전자공여능이 가장 높게 나타났다. 10.전기그릴 26$0^{\circ}C$에서 조리한 시료의 냉장저장 및 냉동저장에 따른 변이원성과 과산화지질 생성간의 상관관계는 냉장 저장했을 때 0.93으로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었고 재가열했을 경우 0.98로 상관관계가 더 높게 나타났다. 냉동저장 역시 0.92를 나타내어 상당히 높은 상관관계를 나타내었으나 재가열했을 경우에는 0.89로 오히려 낮은 상관관계를 보였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.963-975
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to call attention to the mental, physical and occupational hazards of the anticancer-drug-handling nurses by examining the possible urinary mutagenicity and measuring physical symptoms and stress level of the nurses exposed to anticancer drugs. The experimental group of the urinary mutagenicity assay was 14 nurses handling anticancer drugs at the medical wards of a hospital located in J city ; the control group was 12 psychiatric nurses of the same hospital. The test material was the nurses' 24hrs urine, which was concentrated by XAD-2 column chromatography. Tester strains were TA98(±S9 mix), TA100(±S9 mix), TA1535(±S9 mix) and TA1537(±S9 mix) ; Salmonella mammalian-microsomal test(Ames test) was employed for the urinary mutagenicity assay. The physical symptoms of which the nurses experienced were investigated through self-reports on open-questionnaires. The stress levels of the experimental group were measured by a stress measuring instrument developed by this author. Reliability of this instrument was found to be adequate (Cronbach's Alpha=0.9079). To ascertain the urinary mutagenicity of the experimental group, the mean and the standard deviation of the colonies of Tester strains appearing on the minimal plates were taken and compared differences between two groups. T-test was employed for the significance test of two groups. The physical symptoms were compared between the two groups through the analysis of the nurse' self-reports. The mean and standard deviation of the stress levels of the experimental group were also calculated and were examined through t-test. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The experimental group revealed significantly higher urinary mutagenicity both in the activation method test and the non-activation method test of the tester strains TA98, TA100 and TA1535. In the case of TA1537, two groups showed no difference in the non-activation method test, but the activation method revealed difference. 2. The physical symptoms were also much more frequently reported in the experimental group. 79.3% of the experimental group reported more than 1 kind of physical symptoms. On the other hand, 33.2% of the control group complained of 1 kind of physical symptom. The items with high symptom frequency were 'headache', 'itching sensation', 'corneal congestion', 'skin allergy' 3. The mean score of stress in the experimental group was 2.41(range 1-4). The experimental group showed the stress level above 2.0 in the 14 of 15 items in all. The highest stress level were recorded in the following items in the order quoted, 'I fear that anticancer drug may touch any part of body while handling it.', 'I feel concerned there is no protective countermeasure against anticancer drug handling.', 'I am afraid the anticancer drug handling may produce a fetal loss in the future'.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.305-312
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• 1995

Ixeris dentata was extracted with methanol and then the methanol extract was further fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fraction. The methanol extract of lxeris dentata had the strong antimutagenic effect on the aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) in Ames mutagenicity test and SOS chromotest. Among the solvent extracted fractions from the methanol extract, the chloroform fraction exhibited the greatest antimutagenic effect suppressing the mutagenicity of AFB1 with inhibition rate of 74 percent. The methanol extract of Ixeris dentata also revealed the inhibitory effect on the growth of MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells after 6 days of breeding at 37℃. The chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction from the methanol extract of lxeris dentata were most effective and inhibited the growth of MG-63 cells by 97 and 93 percent, respectively. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects of lxeris dentata on the mutagenicity and the growth of MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells are strong in the lipid soluble fractions.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 1998

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP)과 같은 chloropropanol들이 일부 식품에서 검출됨으로서 위해성 논란이 제기되었기에 본 연구에서는 Ames test와 SOS Chromotest를 이용하여 미생물 시험계에서의 chloropropanol류의 유전독성 및 변이원성을 검토하였다. E. coli PQ37에서는 1,3-DCP를 제외한 3-MCPD와 2,3-DCP는 뚜렷한 용량반응 관계를 보이며 SOS반응 유도활성을 나타내어 유전독성이 있는 것으로 판단되었고 3-MCPD보다는 2,3-DCP가 강한 유도활성을 나타내었다. 또한 E. coli PQ35 (PQ37 $uvrA^+)$에서는 SOS반응 유도활성이 E. coli PQ37에서 보다 매우 낮은 반면에, E. coli PQ243 (PQ37 tagA alkA)에서는 매우 높게 나타남으로서 이들 물질에 의하여 유도되는 DNA 손상은 절제수복에 의해 수복될 수 있는 손상과 절제수복에 의해 수복되지 않으며 adaptive response를 유도할 수 있는 3-methyladenine 또는 이와 유사한 손상 등이 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. S. typhimurium TA100을 이용한 Ames test에서도 3-MCPD와 2,3-DCP는 뚜렷한 용량반응 관계를 보이며 강한 돌연변이원성을 나타내었으나 SOS Chromotest에서와는 달리 1,3-DCP 또한 돌연변이원성을 나타냈으며, 변이활성정도는 2,3-DCP>3-MCPD>1,3-DCP의 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 S. typhimurium TA98과 TA97a에서는 돌연변이활성이 미미하게 나타남으로서 chloropropanol류에 의한 돌연변이는 주로 염기치환에 의한 작용임을 알 수 있었다. 한편, S. typhimurium TA1535 (-R factor plasmid)에서 3-MCPD와 2,3-DCP의 돌연변이활성이 S. typhimurium TA100에 있어서 보다 상당히 낮은 결과로부터 이들 물질에 의한 돌연변이 유발은 주로 SOS수복 의존성인 것으로 나타났다. Amestest와 SOS Chromotest의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 3-MCPD와 2,3-DCP는 3-methyladenine 또는 이와 유사한 DNA 손상에 의한 SOS수복 비의존성 돌연변이 및 SOS반응 유도성 손상, 특히 절제회복에 의해 쉽게 제거될 수 있는 손상에 의한 SOS수복 의존성 돌연변이를 동시에 일으키는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2002

Nowadays a huge variety of products that aim to assist to quit smoking or reduce addictive symptoms are developed and manufactured with safety evaluation, but the safety of the most recent products of interest which do not contain tobacco and nicotine, and shape cigarettes is not evaluated and guaranteed relatively. This study was carried out to evaluate the single and repeated dose inhalation toxicity and genotoxicity of H menthol (Nicotine free-tobacco free) herbal cigarettes provided by Cigastop Ltd. in ICR mice. In this study, doses which we determined to expose to mice were 40 cigarettes for 6 hours a day to mice in single dose and 20 (high dose), 10 (middle dose) and 5 cigarettes (low dose) a day for 28 days in repeated dose inhalation toxicity, in vivo chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test. The particulate substances from H menthol herbal cigarettes also were gathered and used in the Salmonella typhimurium/microsome assay (Salmonella test; Ames test). We could find neither significant changes between control and treatment groups nor dose-response effects of test material at all except serum Ca level of female middle dose treatment group in repeated dose inhalation toxicity test. In conclusion, H menthol herbal cigarettes, when applied clinically intended dose we used, might not show any toxic and/or mutagenic effect.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

In the present studies, we assessed the stability of active components and toxicological safety of irradiated Angelica gigas Nakai(Danggui). In order to confirm the stability of active components in the ${\gamma}$-irradiated roots of Danggui, the quantitative analysis of decursin and decursinol angelate of ${\gamma}$-irradiated sample was carried out by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods using reverse phase columns and normal phase columns. From the root of Danggui, decursin and decursinol angelate were isolated by a silica gel column chromatography(toluene : ether (1 : 1), Hexane : EtOAc(15 : 1)). And then the structures were confirmed in the 1H and 13C-NMR analysis. The HPLC chromatograms of decursin and decursinol angelate in ${\gamma}$-irradiated Danggui were similar with those of non-irradiated sample. In the examination of in vitro genotoxicity of the water extract from ${\gamma}$-irradiated Danggui using Salmonella reversion assay(Ames test) and micronucleus test in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, mutagenicity was not exhibited in the two assays with or without metabolic activation. These resutls suggest that active components in the ${\gamma}$-irradiated Danggui should be stable and that the safety of ${\gamma}$-irradiated Danggui could be revealed in further test in vivo.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2015

Objectives Cigarette smoking is associated with carcinogenesis owing to the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Korean cigarettes using in vitro assays. Methods We selected 2 types of cigarettes (TL and TW) as benchmark Korean cigarettes for this study, because they represent the greatest level of nicotine and tar contents among Korean cigarettes. Mutagenic potency was expressed as the number of revertants per ${\mu}g$ of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) total particulate matter whereas genotoxic potency was expressed as a concentration-dependent induction factor. The CSC was prepared by the International Organization for Standardization 3308 smoking method. CHO-K1 cells were used in vitro micronucleus (MNvit) and comet assays. Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ; TA98 and TA1537) were employed in Ames tests. Results All CSCs showed mutagenicity in the TA98 and TA1537 strains. In addition, DNA damage and micronuclei formation were observed in the comet and MNvit assays owing to CSC exposure. The CSC from the 3R4F Kentucky reference (3R4F) cigarette produced the most severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies, followed by the CSC from the TL cigarette, whereas the CSC from the TW cigarette produced the least severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of the TL and TW cigarettes were weaker than those of the 3R4F cigarette. Further study on standardized concepts of toxic equivalents for cigarettes needs to be conducted for more extensive use of in vitro tests.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1995

The antimutagenic effects of 46 kinds of medicinal plants that have been used as traditional folk antitumor agents in Korea were studied by using Ames mutagenicity test. Most of the methanolic extracts from the plants which were used in this experiment showed strong antimutagenic activity toward aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in Salmonella typhimrium TA100 and TA98. However, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) induced mutagenicity was not blocked by adding the methanolic extracts of the plants except persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki Thunberg)and Elaeagnus umbellata.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative effect and antimutagenic capacity of ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes by employing biological and biochemical assays. The $IC_{50}$ of MDA with BSA conjugation reaction, lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical in ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes was found to be 28.39 mg/assay, 9.33 mg/assay and 144.61 mg/assay respectively. Therefore, the most effective antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes was $Fe^+$-induced linoleate peroxidation, among the method used this study. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes were examined by the Ames test using Salmonella typimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibition rates on indirect mutagenicity mediated by 2-anthramine and on direct mutagenicity mediated by sodium azide in Salmonella typimurium TA100 and mediated by 2-nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98 were 0%, respectively. These findings indicate that ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes have no effects on indirect and direct mutagenicity. Based on these results, it believed that the ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes has antioxidative capacities, and is a the candidate for the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative functional food.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권6호통권90호
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effect of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on the inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, the antimutagenic capacity as measured by the Ames test and the inhibitory effect on cancer cell. Ganoderma lucidum is believed to have possible antioxidative capacities, although the results have varied according to the assay method. The most effective antioxidative capacity was inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Among the five fractions, water fraction showed strong inhibition rates on MDA & BSA conjugation reaction, and ethylacetate fractions showed the most effective inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Among the samples, the water fraction did not have any antimutagenic effect. The inhibition rates on mutagenicity in the presence of 2.5 mg/plate were nearly $100\%$ for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 except the hexane fraction of the direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-Nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98($64.69\%$). Under the 2.5 mg/plate concentration, the inhibitory effects of hexane and dichloromethane fraction were superior to that of the other fractions on the direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and indirect mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on cell proliferation in HeLa and MCF-7 was investigated by U test. The dichloromethane fraction showed highly antiproliferative effect in HeLa and MCF-7($IC_{50}$: 0.122 mg/mL, 0.272 mg/mL, respectively) cells while the water faction had a weak inhibitory effect($IC_{50}$: 0.691 mg/mL, 10.919 mg/mL respectively). These results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum may have antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities and may be a candidate of the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer functional food.