• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2004

This study have conducted to calibrate the productivities on the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) cultures in Jinhae Bay. Annual water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen have varied to 7.2-$25.9^{\circ}C$, 32.9-34.0 psu, 7.9-8.7 mg/l, respectively. In April, the smallest size of spat, 3.3 mm in shell length, have recruited, and 82.5 mm have recorded to the maximum. In summer, variations of growing up between individuals showed both shell length and weights at same cohort. Annual production at 2 m, 5 m, 8 m depth calculated to 10.91, 10.85 and 9.19 gWWt/ind./yr, respectively. Mussel cultivated in the upper part of the water column (two meter depth) were significantly longer and heavier than those in lower part (eight meter depth). After the recruitment, monthly production showed gradual increment at all positions during summer. As results, annual production of mussel cultivated seemed to be controlled by conditions of growing up in summer. Based on the productivities calculated to this study, the total annual production of the mussel cultivated in Jinhae Bay have estimated about 196 ton/ha/yr.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.158-169
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• 2015

Tean Mado Shipwreck No. 3 is presumed to have been shipwrecked between 1260 and 1268. It departed from a Southern costal area of Yeosu in Jeonnam Province to Ganghwa Island, its final destination at which the temporal regime of Koryo Dynasty was located. In the shipwreck, a total of 35 wooden tablets were found, and forwarding places, senders, receivers, descriptions, and quantities of freight were written on the wooden tablets. The names of receivers included Kim Jun, who was influential in the late Musin Era of the Koryo Dynasty, and key institutions such as Junmin and Sambyulcho of the Musin force. Twenty wooden tables had lists of food items such as barley, abalone, salted-fermented abalone, mussel, dried mussel, salted fermented mussel, dried shark meat, fish oil, pheasant, and dried dog meat. The food items in the late 13th century were systematically examined using scientifically determined food organic remains and records of wooden tablets among the marine relics of Mado Shipwreck No. 3.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2002

본 조사는 유기오염원으로 지적되고 있는 진해만내 수하식 양식장을 대상으로 저서생물상을 이용한 환경 평가를 실시하여 저서환경내 유기오염 양상을 측정하였다. 굴과 진주담치 양식장과 양식활동이 이루어지지 않은 대조구 등 세 개 정점을 대상으로 퇴적물 특성과 저서동물을 조사하였다. 세 지역 모두 평균 입도분포가 6.0~6.6Ф로 니질 퇴적상을 나타냈다. 퇴적물 내 유기물 함량은 진주담치 양식장이 2.8%로 놀게 나타났으며, 대조구의 경우 1.5%로 나타났다 총 7개 동물군, 79종의 저서동물이 채집되였으며, 대조구가 양식장에 비하여 저서생물의 종 다양성과 서식밀도가 높은 상이한 군집구조를 나타냈다. 특히, 굴과 진주담치 양식장에서는 퇴적물내 유기물 함량이 높은 지역에 나타나는 기회종으로 알려진 Lumbrlneris longlfolia, Heteromastus. filiformis, Corophium sinenie 등이 우점하였다. 계절별로 종조성과 서식밀도에서 다소 차이를 보임에도 불구하고, 생물상을 이용한 환경평가 결과에서는 진주담치 양식장의 경우 대조구나 굴 양식장에 비해 유기오염이 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 환경생물
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2017

For the effective seedling production of the hard shelled mussel, Mytilus coruscus, this study assessed the effects of the dietary value of live food, density, water temperature and salinity on growth and survival rate of the larvae. The optimal survival rate and growth rate were examined under differing conditions of water temperature, salinity, and rearing density for 30 days. The three groups were provided different feeding organisms, such as Isochrysis galbana and Teleaulax suecica. The mixtures were provided at a rate of $5{\times}10^4cell\;mL^{-1}$. The best growth was observed in the group with conditions $21^{\circ}C$ water temperature ($16.2{\pm}9.1{\mu}m$), 33 psu of salinity ($16.82{\pm}3.9{\mu}m$), $2500individual\;m^{-2}$ ($17.2{\pm}5.9{\mu}m$), and fed with $5{\times}10^4cell\;mL^{-1}$ of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture ($16.0{\pm}7.3{\mu}m$). The highest survival rate was found in the group at conditions $18^{\circ}C$ water temperature (66.4%), 33 psu of salinity (24.4%), $2500individual\;m^{-2}$ (65.8%), and fed with $5{\times}10^4cell\;mL^{-1}$ of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture (58.8%). We therefore conclude that the suitable culture conditions for the stable production of hard shelled mussel artificial seedlings was at 18 to $21^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 30 to 33 psu of salinity, 2500 to $5000individual\;m^{-2}$ of rearing density, and feeding supplement of $5{\times}10^4cell\;mL^{-1}$ of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture under semi running water system.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Cultured cells of the toxic Alexandrium tamarense were fed to four mussel species, Mytilus coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus, to examine the interspecies and interlocality differences in the ability to accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. Toxin content of A. tamarense cells varied during culture period. In contrast, toxin composition in the cell (C1,2, GTX1-4 and neoSTX) was constantly stable. In feeding experiment, the four mussel species collected from Geoje intoxicated after uptake of A. tamarense. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) of M. coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus were $1,660{\pm}79,\;3,914{\pm}2,242,\;5,626{\pm}1,620\;and\;958{\pm}163$, respectively. Toxin profiles included C1,2, GTX1,4 and neoSTX as the major components, and dcGTX2,3, GTX2,3, neoSTX and STX as the minor ones. Toxin accumulation of three mussel species collected from Pohang, Geoje and Anmyon-do showed interspecies and interlocality differences. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) were $91{\pm}4,\;151{\pm}14,\;39{\pm}3$ in M coruscus, $189{\pm}1,\;231{\pm}11,\;206{\pm}15$ in M edu/is and $214{\pm}28,\;326{\pm}30,\;291{\pm}26$ in M. galloprovincialis in order of Anmyon-do, Geoje and Pohang.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2006

This study examined effects of crude oil on the phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mussel Mytilus edulis and rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, a representative bivalve and a culture fish, respectively. This work also intended indirectly to evaluate the post impact recovery from the massive oil tanker spillage accidents occurred during the summer of 1995 in the sea area off Yosu City, Chonnam. For these, enzyme activities of UDPGT and GST were examined in the fish and mussel following laboratory exposure to fresh crude oil, weathered oil, field-obtained oil residues, or in the field biota samples. Decreased GST activity was observed in rock fish following exposure to oil-soluble fraction (OSF) of fresh oil. A similar diminished GST activity was also observed after OSF of artificially weathered oil. OSF of field oil residues retrieved from the spillage area approximately 1 year later also exerted a slight inhibition of GST to rockfish. There was neither a change in UDPGT in rockfish, nor were there changes in mussel in both enzymes to any oil fractions. We could not observe any difference in the two enzymes either in rockfish or mussel sampled from the field during $1.5{\sim}2.0$ years post spillage, indicating that their enzyme systems might had been recovered by the sampling time. In conclusion, it seems that the inhibition of GST activity in rockfish is a biomarker response to crude oil exposure. The results, however, must be interpreted with care, as the inhibition nay reflect various factors such as oil concentration, duration and water temperature.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.71-75
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• 1972

1970년 6월부터 10월까지 경남 창원군 진동면 이명리 산 진주담치(Mytilus edulis)를 충남 당진의 염전저수지로 이식하여 그의 생장을 연구하였다. 1. 6월 20일 부터 7월 19일 까지의 기간 중 염전저수지 내의 수온은 $22.5-27.5^{\circ}C$, 염도는 $28.6-34.8\%$, 해수비중은 $1.019\~1.024$, 그리고 pH는 7.6이었다. 2. 3종의 복족류와 7종의 부족류가 채집되었다. 3. 염전저수지에서 최고빈도의 진주담치군의 각고가 6월 15일에는 20mm ($15\~25mm$)이던 것이 9월 26일에는 40mm ($20\~50mm$)로 증가하였다. 한편 그들의 평균 각고는 각 각 19.80mm(6월15일)와 35.10mm (9월26일)이었다. 4. 7월 10일 부터 8월 12일 까지의 기간 중 진주담치의 1일 생장은 각고 0.22mm이었고 이는 시험 기간 중 최고치인 것이었다. 5. 진주담치 치패의 각장(L)과 각고(H) 사이, 그리고 각장(L)과 각폭(B) 사이의 생장관계식은 각 각각 1.26776L+5.07978과 B=0.3S041L+3.05502이다. 6. 이상의 결과들로부터 염전저수지에서의 진주담치 양식치 가능한 것으로 시사된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2016

축제식 양식어장에서 홍합 치패의 중간육성 가능성을 확인하기 위해 2014년 9월부터 2015년 4월까지 홍합 치패의 성장과 생존율을 측정하였다. 또한 수온, 염분, 용존산소, pH, 용존무기질소 (DIN), 용존무기인 (DIP), 엽록소-a 및 식물플랑크톤의 현존량을 동시에 분석하였다. 수온과 염분의 범위는 각각 $4.0-23.4^{\circ}C$, 18.8-25.2 psu 로써, 일반적으로 보고된 적정 수준보다 낮았다. 매월 측정된 홍합 치패의 생존율은 모든 실험구에서 90% 이상을 기록하였다. 엽록소-a 농도와 식물플랑크톤의 현존량은 높게 나타났고, 주요 우점종은 은편모류와 미소편모류이었다. 이들 우점종은 이매패류 유생의 좋은 먹이가 될 것으로 판단된다. 축제식 양식어장의 저층에 채롱 당 100 개체($2,700ind.\;m^{-2}$) 의 밀도로 수용한 실험구에서 가장 높은 성장 ($7.63{\pm}4.65mm$) 을 보였으나, 채롱 당 200 개체 (5,400 개체 $m^{-2}$) 이하를 수용한 실험구 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 적절한 관리가 이루어진다면 축제식 양식어장은 이매패류 치패의 중간 육성을 위한 대안적 어장이라고 판단된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2003

To know the effects of the red tide and toxic dinoflagellates on survival and growth of larvae of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, laboratory experiments were conducted by incubating larvae with either unialgal culture of 4 dinoflagellate species (Amphidinium carterae, Prorocentrum triestinum, Gymnodinium impudicum, or Akashiwo sanguinea) or a standard food (Isochrysis galbana) for 10 days. The survival of larvae was higher than 80% when the food was A. carterae, G. impudicum, or A. sanguinea. The lowest survival (20%) was found when the food was P. triestinum. When the food was P. triestinum, the survival of larvae rapidly decreased from 87% at day 4 down to ca. 50% at day 6, and 20% at day 10. This implies that the larval population of M. galloprovincialis can seriously be affected if they are exposed to the red tide water dominated by P. triestinum for more than 4 days. Shell length of larvae either increased or decreased according to the food species. When the food was A. carterae, G. impudicum, or A. sanguinea, shell length of larvae increased. But, it decreased when the food was P. triestinum. Though shell length increased in 3 treatments, the daily increments (0.63 $\mu$ m for A. carterae, 0.46 m for $\mu$ G. impudicum, and 1.10 m for $\mu$ A. sanguinea) were smaller than that of the standard food (3.79 m for $\mu$ I. galbana). Correlation analyses chowed that the change in shell length was not significant when the food was A. carterae or G. impudicum. Therefore, all of 4 dinoflagellates affected the growth of M. galloprovincialis larvae: growth was negative for P. triestinum, nil for A. carterae and G. impudicum, and positive but lower than standard food for A. sanguinea. These imply that the dinoflagellates are less valuable as foods for M. galloprovincialis larvae. So, decreased growth rate of larvae is expected during red tides, which will consequently cause delayed metamorphosis or failure to recruitment to the adult populations. In considering the harmful effects of red tides on the aquatic ecosystem, not only the effects on adult populations of fish and shellfish, but also the effects on larval populations should be included.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.656-660
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• 2013

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL0145A was discovered at the New York State Museum Field Research Laboratory as an effective agent against the environmentally destructive zebra mussel, which has contaminated US waters. Dried cells of the microbe are being commercialized as an environmentally friendly solution to the problem. We found that antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is produced and excreted by this strain. We have carried out studies to optimize production of the antibiotic. Studies were begun in a complex corn meal medium. Activity was found in both cells and culture supernates and was maximal after one day of fermentation. Static fermentation conditions were found to be superior to shaken culture. Production of extracellular antibiotic in complex medium was found to be dependent on the content of sucrose and enzyme-hydrolyzed casein. Indeed, production was greater in sucrose plus enzyme-hydrolyzed casein than in the complex medium. Of a large number of carbon sources studied as improvements over sucrose, the best was glycerol. An examination of nitrogen sources showed that production was improved by replacement of enzyme-hydrolyzed casein with soy hydrolysates. Production in the simple glycerol-Hy-Soy medium was not improved by addition of an inorganic salt mixture or by complex nitrogen sources, with the exception of malt extract. In an attempt to keep the medium more defined, we studied the effect of amino acids and vitamins as replacements for malt extract. Of 21 amino acids and 7 vitamins, we found tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin to be stimulatory. The final medium contained glycerol, Hy-Soy, tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin.