• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 1994

The influence of the storage temperature between $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ on the biochemical, physical changes and meat qualities in the red muscle(M. sternomandibularis and M. mastoideus) of Korean native cattle postmortem were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows; The pH-value during the first hours post mortem was dropped faster in storage temperature $0^{\circ}C$ than in $10^{\circ}C$, but the final pH-value reached after about 30 hrs. post mortem. The muscle which was stored in $30^{\circ}C$ reached the final pH within 10 hrs. The muscle which was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ showed the increased R-value at fast speed from the beginning. It reached maximum R-value after 20 hrs as it gradually increase showing low R-value by 10 hrs. in $10^{\circ}C$. The muscle which was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ shortened to about 46% after 10 hrs. It was contracted about 17% after 15 hrs in $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$. The sarcomere length of Korean native cattle had the least contraction in $10^{\circ}C$ and it was contracted $18{\sim}20%\;(1.60{\sim}1.63\;{\mu}m)$ after 5 hrs., $45{\sim}46%$after 24 hrs in $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ which was generated cold shortening and rigor shortening. The meat that was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ showed about 2-fold higher shear force than it that was stored in $10^{\circ}C$ at postmortem 24 hrs. The meat that was stored in $10^{\circ}C$ at postmortem 24 hrs. showed drip loss less than 3% during the 9 days ripening period. The meat with cold shortening and rigor shortening showed the high drip loss.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

PURPOSE : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the length of the pectoralis minor on muscle activity of trapezius and pectoralis major in subjects in subjects with shortened pectoralis minor muscle. METHOD : The subjects was participated in 36 with shortened pectoralis minor muscle. All subjects was examined the length test of pectoralis minor muscle. we divided by 3 groups. group I(n=12) was for 4~5cm of length of pectoralis minor muscle, group II(n=12) was for 5~6cm, group III(n=12) was for above 6cm. The EMG activity of upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius and pectoralis major muscle activity was measured by surface EMG while elevationg the right arm in sitting postion with head to the neutral, shoulder elevation $135^{\circ}$ with scaption. Data were analyed using one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test. RESULT : The EMG activity differed significantly among the three groups(p<.05). The group III had significantly greater EMG activity of upper trapezius and pectoralis major muscles than group I and II(p<.05). Also, The group III had significantly smaller EMG activity of lower trapezius muscle than group I and II(p<.05). But, these was no significant difference in the EMG activity of the middle trapezius muscle among the groups (p.05). CONCLUSION : Therefore, the result of this study should be suggested that the shortened pectoralis minor muscle was affected the EMG activity of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius and pectoralis major. Ultimately the length of the pectoralis minor muscle leads to the muscle imbalance in shoulder girdle.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

We researched two patients with ear fullness after traffic accident. We diagnosed the patients' symptom as referred pain caused by clavicle branch of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. So, acupunture therapy and SCENAR therapy were used to treat the patients. We measured their discomfort by visual anlog scale (VAS) before and after treatment. As a result, the patients improved remarkably and VAS score was declined sharply when we applied acupuncture therapy and SCENAR therapy on clavicle branch of SCM. Therefore, we are certain that ear fullness can be caused by clavicle branch of SCM after traffic accident. It shows dramatical and satisfactory progress by acupuncture therapy and SCENAR therapy to relax shortening of clavicle branch of SCM.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various relaxation techniques on various dysfunction problems caused by shortening of the sagittal muscles. Method: The subjects were 44(18 males, 26 females). The subjects were composed of 3 groups. The experimental group consisted of 14 patients with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNF) technique, control group A 15 patients with self myofacial release (SMR) ball exercise, and control group B with 15 patients with Sling exercise. After 3 weeks of relaxation on the hamstring muscle, the length of the hamstring muscle before and after the intervention was compared. Results: The results of relaxation exercise of the snake muscles applied to passive PNF group, SMR ball group, and Sling relaxation group are as follows. 1. In the passive PNF group, the muscle length of the hamstring muscle was significantly increased after the intervention. 2. The muscle length of the hamstring muscle was significantly increased after the intervention in the SMR ball group. 3. Sling relaxation group significantly increased the muscle length of the hamstring muscle after sling exercise intervention. 4. Passive PNF group showed the greatest change in muscle length before and after intervention than SMR ball group and Sling relaxation group. Conclusion: Passive PNF relaxation therapy, SMR ball relaxation therapy, and Sling relaxation therapy applied to the hamstring muscle were effective in increasing muscle length of the hamstring muscle. PNF relaxation therapy showed the most significant effect after 3 weeks intervention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The effectiveness of the stretching to increase the range of motion of the joint, reduce the risk of injury, enhance athletic performance or decrease post exercise muscle soreness. This study was to compare the effect of the stretching method applied on the shortened hamstring muscle for flexibility, strength, pressure pain threshold value and muscle tone. METHODS: This study is a two-group pretest- posttest design. Fifty-four healthy young adults were randomly assigned to a vibration-assisted stretching group (VASG, n=27) or a static stretching group (SSG, n=27). Participants performed each stretch in 4 sets of 30 seconds each. A 30-second break time was provided between the sets. The range of motion, strength, pressure pain threshold values and muscle tone of the hamstring muscle were measured to compare the effects of the stretching methods. RESULTS: Both the VASG and the SSG participants showed significant improvement in the range of motion and strength (p<.05); however, the increase in the VASG was significantly higher than that in the SSG (p<.05). The pressure pain threshold values and muscle tone were significantly decreased only in the VASG (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that vibration-supported stretching is an effective intervention for people with hamstring shortening, with high pain level and muscle tone decrease.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching, based on ballistic stretching and the contract-relax technique, on hip joint flexibility and muscle tone in adults with shortened rectus femoris muscles. Methods: The study involved 40 adults with shortened rectus femoris muscles, identified using the modified Thomas test. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: PNF stretching, employing the contract-relax technique, and ballistic stretching. Measurements included muscle tension, hip joint range of motion, and muscle characteristics. The rectus femoris muscle shortening effect was confirmed by the modified Thomas test, while the flexibility effect was assessed through hip joint motion range. The muscle tension effect was determined using Myoton-PRO. Results: Both stretching methods resulted in significant improvements in modified Thomas test angles and frequency, with the PNF stretching group showing notably greater changes. However, neither stretching method significantly affected decrement or stiffness measurements. These findings suggest that PNF stretching may be more effective for certain outcomes compared to ballistic stretching. Conclusion: In summary, both stretching methods positively influenced flexibility and muscle tension, with PNF stretching showing a greater impact. These findings highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate stretching technique for achieving functional improvements in muscles, which could serve as valuable indicators for preventing and treating muscle injuries in both sports and daily activities.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 1997

Between December 1993 and March 1996, 75 patients had undergone ubannular procedures in mitral valve reconstruction. Their mean age was 45 years and they consisted of 28 males and 47 females. The cause of mitral disease in 75 patients were classified as follow : 29 cases were degenerative, 40 cases were rheumatic, 3 cases were congenital, 2 cases were infectious and 1 case was ischemic. Average number of mitral anatomical lesion per patient was 3.1 and we used average 1.5 procedures on subannular structure in mitral valve per patient. Subannular procedures were chordae shortening 21, chordae transfer 22, new chordae formation 20, papillary muscle splitting 33, shortening of papillary muscle 2. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was carried out for providing an immediate and accurate assessment of the adequacy of the reconstruction. There was no operative death. Patients have been followed up from 2 to 29months, mean 12.5. There were two failures that necessitated reoperation. The mean functional class (NYHA) was 3.19 preoperative and improved to 1.12 postoperatively. After mitral valve repair, the patients were improved hemodynamic, echocardiographic data. In conclusion, subannular procedure in mitral valve repair when feasible is stable and safe with a low prevalence of reoperation.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1992

Volkmann's ischemic contracture is the end result of an untreated, delayed or Inadequately decompressed compartment syndrome in which muscle ischemia and necrosis have occurred. Once the muscle necrosis have happened, the involved muscle undergo permanent change into fibrous tissue. So secondary shortening and distal joint contracture will be a final outcome, which results in marked functional impairment of hand and forearm. Even though several procedures, such as muscle sliding operation has been attempted, overall results were far from satisfaction, compare to healthy opposite hand. The management of these unfavorable condition of the forearm and hand was regarded as one of challenging area in orthopedics. Recently new approach, using microsurgical technique which transfers functioning muscle unit, has been developed and its result was much better than any other methods in the aspect of an active motion. Among these musculocutaneous free flaps, gracilis has obtained special reputation due to its easiness to handle such as elevation of flap and reliable neurovascular pedicle. Other advantages are flexibility of flap size to adjust variable size of the defect in the forearm and minor morbidity of the donor site. Authors have performed 7 cases of functioning gracilis musulocutaneous free flap transplantation for the functional loss of forearm and hand due to Volkmann's ischemic contracture or muscle and skin defect due to severe trauma since November, 1981 till May, 1991. The results in most cases were satisfactory and acceptable.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2020

Background: The flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP) refers to a sudden onset of activity in the erector spinae muscles that recedes or fades during full forward flexion of the trunk. Lumbar spine and hip flexion are associated with many daily physical activities that also impact trunk flexion. Shorter hamstring muscles result in a reduction of pelvic mobility that eventually culminates in low back pain (LBP). Many studies have explored the FRP in relation to LBP. However, few studies have investigated the influence of hamstring muscle length on the FRP in relation to the erector spinae muscles during trunk flexion. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the influence of hamstring muscle length on the FRP in relation to the erector spinae muscles during trunk flexion. Methods: Thirty subjects were divided into three groups according to hamstring length measured through an active knee extension test. The 30 participants consisted of 10 subjects who had a popliteal angle of 20° or less (Group 1), 10 subjects who had a popliteal angle of 21°-39° (Group 2), and 10 subjects who had a popliteal angle of 40° or more (Group 3). A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the difference in muscle activity of the erector spinae muscles during trunk flexion. Results: The subjects with a shorter hamstring length had significantly higher muscle activity in their erector spinae muscles during trunk flexion and full trunk flexion (p < 0.05). The subjects with a shorter hamstring length also had a significantly higher flexion-relaxation ratio (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that differences in hamstring muscle length can influence the FRP in relation to the erector spinae muscles. This finding suggests that the shortening of the hamstring might be associated with LBP.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.66-77
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• 2024

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insoles on the plantar pressure distribution during squat exercise in subjects with calf muscle shortness. Design: Cross-sectional Study Methods: Thirty subjects were participated in each fifteen subjects of a control group and an experimental group with calf muscle shortness. The participants were allocated in control group or experimental group according to knee-to-wall test. They were asked to perform squat exercise at hip flexion angle of 20° and knee flexion angle of 45° across three conditions with insole(2.0cm and 3.5cm) and without insole. The plantar pressure distribution was measured using Pedoscan equipment. In order to find out whether there is a significant difference in the plantar pressure distribution between the groups and the height, the two-way mixed ANOVA test was used and the statistical significance level was .05. Results: As a result of the study, the plantar pressure distribution between the group and the height showed a significant interaction effect(p<.001). There was no significant difference according to the insole height of 2.0cm and 3.5cm in all the control groups and the experimental group. Conclusion: We found that the plantar pressure distribution shifted backward during squat exercise by wearing the insole to subjects with shortening of the calf muscle. We suggest that wearing an appropriate height of insole may change the plantar pressure distribution during squat exercise in subjects with calf muscle shortness.