• Title/Summary/Keyword: multiple weights

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Prediction Formulas of Pulmonary Function Parameters Derived from the Forced Expiratory Spirogram for Healthy Nonsmoking and Smoking Adults and Effect of Smoking on Pulmonary Function Parameters (비흡연 및 흡연 성년 한국인에서의 노력성호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정상치 및 이에 대한 흡연의 효과)

  • Cho, Won-Kyoung;Kim, Eun-Ok;Myung, Seung-Jae;Kwak, Seung-Min;Koh, Youn-Suck;Kim, Woo-Sung;Lee, Moo-Song;Kim, Won-Dong
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.521-530
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    • 1994
  • Background : The past studies on prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters in healthy nonsmoking Korean adults have been performed in relatively small number of subjects and the reported results were restricted on a few parameters. Also there was no systematic investigation into the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters in smokers who have no respiratory symptoms. Therefore we attempted to establish prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters and examined the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters. Methods We analyzed the result of parameters derived from the forced expiratory spirogram in 1,067 nonsmoking subjects from June in 1990 to December in 1991. They consisted of 306 males and 761 females and had neither respitatory symptoms nor history of respiratory disease. We derived prediction formulas by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights, and weights in each sex. To examine the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters, we classified 383 smoking men into three groups according to the past amount of smoking as follows : i.e. group of smokers who have smoked below 10 pack-years, 10-20 pack-years and above 20 pack-years. Regarding each group of past smoking as an independent dummy variable, we analyzed pulmonary function parameters including nonsmoking men as a baseline by multiple linear regression. We evaluated the smoking effect on pulmonary function parameters according to estimated p-value. Result : 1) Prediction formulas for pulmonary function parameters in each sex were derived. 2) The past smoking less than 10 pack-years does not give any effect on pulmonary function parameters. The past smoking of 10~20 pack-years showed significant negative correlation with $FEV_1$/FVC and FEF 25~75%, and the smoking above 20 pack years showed negative correlation with $FEV_1$ and $FEV_1$/FVC. Conclusion : We have got prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters which is driven from forced expiratory spirogram in nonsmoking Korean adults by multiple linear regression from age, heights and weights of subjects. The past smoking more than 10 pack-years showed negative correlation with some pulmonary function parameters of airflow obstruction.

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Transfer Learning using Multiple ConvNet Layers Activation Features with Principal Component Analysis for Image Classification (전이학습 기반 다중 컨볼류션 신경망 레이어의 활성화 특징과 주성분 분석을 이용한 이미지 분류 방법)

  • Byambajav, Batkhuu;Alikhanov, Jumabek;Fang, Yang;Ko, Seunghyun;Jo, Geun Sik
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.205-225
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    • 2018
  • Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet) is one class of the powerful Deep Neural Network that can analyze and learn hierarchies of visual features. Originally, first neural network (Neocognitron) was introduced in the 80s. At that time, the neural network was not broadly used in both industry and academic field by cause of large-scale dataset shortage and low computational power. However, after a few decades later in 2012, Krizhevsky made a breakthrough on ILSVRC-12 visual recognition competition using Convolutional Neural Network. That breakthrough revived people interest in the neural network. The success of Convolutional Neural Network is achieved with two main factors. First of them is the emergence of advanced hardware (GPUs) for sufficient parallel computation. Second is the availability of large-scale datasets such as ImageNet (ILSVRC) dataset for training. Unfortunately, many new domains are bottlenecked by these factors. For most domains, it is difficult and requires lots of effort to gather large-scale dataset to train a ConvNet. Moreover, even if we have a large-scale dataset, training ConvNet from scratch is required expensive resource and time-consuming. These two obstacles can be solved by using transfer learning. Transfer learning is a method for transferring the knowledge from a source domain to new domain. There are two major Transfer learning cases. First one is ConvNet as fixed feature extractor, and the second one is Fine-tune the ConvNet on a new dataset. In the first case, using pre-trained ConvNet (such as on ImageNet) to compute feed-forward activations of the image into the ConvNet and extract activation features from specific layers. In the second case, replacing and retraining the ConvNet classifier on the new dataset, then fine-tune the weights of the pre-trained network with the backpropagation. In this paper, we focus on using multiple ConvNet layers as a fixed feature extractor only. However, applying features with high dimensional complexity that is directly extracted from multiple ConvNet layers is still a challenging problem. We observe that features extracted from multiple ConvNet layers address the different characteristics of the image which means better representation could be obtained by finding the optimal combination of multiple ConvNet layers. Based on that observation, we propose to employ multiple ConvNet layer representations for transfer learning instead of a single ConvNet layer representation. Overall, our primary pipeline has three steps. Firstly, images from target task are given as input to ConvNet, then that image will be feed-forwarded into pre-trained AlexNet, and the activation features from three fully connected convolutional layers are extracted. Secondly, activation features of three ConvNet layers are concatenated to obtain multiple ConvNet layers representation because it will gain more information about an image. When three fully connected layer features concatenated, the occurring image representation would have 9192 (4096+4096+1000) dimension features. However, features extracted from multiple ConvNet layers are redundant and noisy since they are extracted from the same ConvNet. Thus, a third step, we will use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to select salient features before the training phase. When salient features are obtained, the classifier can classify image more accurately, and the performance of transfer learning can be improved. To evaluate proposed method, experiments are conducted in three standard datasets (Caltech-256, VOC07, and SUN397) to compare multiple ConvNet layer representations against single ConvNet layer representation by using PCA for feature selection and dimension reduction. Our experiments demonstrated the importance of feature selection for multiple ConvNet layer representation. Moreover, our proposed approach achieved 75.6% accuracy compared to 73.9% accuracy achieved by FC7 layer on the Caltech-256 dataset, 73.1% accuracy compared to 69.2% accuracy achieved by FC8 layer on the VOC07 dataset, 52.2% accuracy compared to 48.7% accuracy achieved by FC7 layer on the SUN397 dataset. We also showed that our proposed approach achieved superior performance, 2.8%, 2.1% and 3.1% accuracy improvement on Caltech-256, VOC07, and SUN397 dataset respectively compare to existing work.

Effects of Ovarian Function on the Hypophyseal Gonadotropin Secretion in Rats (흰쥐의 난소기능(卵巢機能)이 하수체(下垂體)의 성선(性腺) 날극(剌戟)호르몬 분비(分泌)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Seo, Kil Woong;Kim, Chong Sup;Park, Chang Sik;Lee, Kyu Seung
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.169-178
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    • 1989
  • The study was carried out to elucidate the feedback mechanism on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system from the functional changes of ovary in female rats. One hundred and forty-four mature female rats were lloted into the three groups; ovariectoimzed group, estradiol treated group and intact control group. The varies of 48 heads of rat were completely removed. Forty eight heads of rat were administered with $200{\mu}g$ of estradiol benzoate every 48 hours. Serum FSH, LH and prolactin levels were determined with radioimmunoassay method at 3,6,12,24 ours, and 5,10, and 15days after treatment. The rats were necropsied to measure the weights of hypophysis and to examin the histological changes in the organs. The results obtained were as follows: The weights of hypophysis were increased after ovariectomy and decreased after estradiol injection. The differences in hypophysis weights were significant between the group from 5 days after treatment. The histological changes in hypophysis were appeared from 5th day after ovariectomy. Proliferation and hypertrophy began to occur in basophilic from 10th day after ovariectomy, chromophobes were slightly hypertrophied and acidophilic cells were atrophied. In estradiol injected rats the histological findings were appeard to be contrary to those of ovariectomized rats. Serum FSH levels significantly changed after ovariectomy and estradiol injection and were higher in both the treated groups than in the intact control group. Within 18 hours after treatment the level was the highest in ovariectomized group, and thereafter the highest level was found in estradiol treated gorup. In ovariectomized rats the levels were rapidly increased 3 hours after treatment and maximum levels were found 18 hours after treatment. In estradiol treated rats the levels started to increase 18 hours after treatment and reached maximum levels 24 hours treatment. 4. Serum LH levels started to increase 3 hours after ovariectomy and estradiol injection and reached maximum levels 12 hours after ovariectomy and 24 hours after estradiol injection. There were significant differences in LH levels between the groups in each observation time. Up to 18 hours after treatment levels were higher in ovariectomized rats than in estradiol treated rats. but thereafter the levels were higher in estradiol treated rats than in ovariectomized rats. The multiple range test showed that a significant difference in LH levels was not found between ovariectomized group and estradiol treated group 18 hours and 5 days after treatment. 5. Serum prolactin levels were significantly changed after ovariectomy and estradiol injection. The levels were lower in ovariectomized rats than in intact control rats.

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Prediction Equations of Pulmonary Function Parameters Derived from the Forced Expiratory Spirogram for Healthy Adults over 50 years old in rural area (농촌지역 50세 이상 인구의 노력성호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표의 추정정상치)

  • Kim, Won-Young;Kim, Kwang-Hyun;Youn, Boung-Han;Lee, Seung-Uk;Cho, Chul-Hyun;Choi, Jin-Su;Kim, Hun-Nam
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.45 no.3
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    • pp.536-545
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    • 1998
  • Background: The studies on prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for adults in Korea have been performed in a reference population mainly consisted of young and middle ages. So they included a relatively few elderly who conducted pulmonary function test frequently in clinic. We established prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for healthy adults over 50 years old in rural area and compared this results with those of other studies. Therefore we attempted to consider normative values of pulmonary function tests for elderly in Korea. Method: Five hundred thirty-three women and men over 50 years old in rural area were participated. A "healthy" subgroup of 110 women and 32 men were identified by excluding those who had conditions that negatively influenced pulmonary function. We derived prediction equations for FVC, $FEV_1$ and $FEV_1%$ by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights and weights in each sex. Results: Prediction equations for FVC and $FEV_1$ in each sex were derived as follows Male; FVC (L)=0.02488Height(cm)-0.0269Age(years)+0.493 $FEV_1(L)$=0.01874Weight(kg)-0.0282Age(years)+2.906 Female; FVC(L)=0.02160Height(cm)-0.0192Age(years)-0.0125 $FEV_1(L)$=0.01720Height(cm)-0.0194Age(years)+0.3890 Prediction equations for $FEV_1%$ were not derived because $FEV_1%$ didn't have statistically significant terms. Comparing Predicted values that were calculated by substitution into the equations of various studies of mean values of age, heights and weights from this study, FVC and $FEV_1$ values in men of this study were lower than those of other studies. In women, FVC and $FEV_1$ values of this study were as similar as or lower than those of the study conducted for healthy elderly blacks in U.S.A respectively. Conclusion: We have got prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters which were driven from forced expiratory spirogram in adults over 50 years old in rural area. Predicted values of this study were lower than those of other studies which were conducted in Korea. So we consider that the study for spirometry reference values for elderly Korean using the method compatible with ATS recommendation need to be conducted more frequently forward.

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Empirical Study of Key Factors in Satisfaction with Subway Services (지하철 이용만족도 결정요인에 관한 실증적 연구 -서울지역을 중심으로-)

  • Shim, Jong-Seop;Jeon, Ki-Heung
    • Korean Business Review
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    • v.13
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    • pp.49-66
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    • 2000
  • Despite the fact that understanding customers satisfaction with transportation services is a subject of great importance, authors, so far, found no systematic researches referred to that issue. From this point, studying the satisfaction with subways services can be extremely useful. Empirical study of key factors in the satisfaction with subway services is the departure point, which holds as objectives, and we believe, will contribute to overall increasing in the number of subways services used and in the amount of public benefits derived from that usage. In order to achieve these goals: First, several items referred to some key factors in the satisfaction of subway usage were systemized. Second, a research of specific weights attached to those key factors by subway passengers was conducted. Knowledge of the satisfaction variables system can provide deep insights into ones perceptual experience when using a subway. The results were as follows: Various interrelated factors compose a passengers satisfaction with subway services. People do not just use subway passively; a number of key factors, like physical and personal services, exact timing, easiness to access etc. determine the passengers satisfaction with subway. In order to find out specific weights of these key factors multiple regression analysis was employed. Results showed that satisfaction with subway is determined by (in order of importance) easiness to access, quality of physical services, friendliness of working stuff and timing exactness. According to the findings, passengers do not use subway as a simple mean of transportation, rather they perceive it as a complex combination of environmental elements and overall satisfaction depends on these various factors. Therefore, to learn passengers satisfaction with subways services, passengers subway experience must be thoroughly studied and analyzed, and this is where papers value resides.

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Weighting Value Evaluation of Condition Assessment Item in Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls by Applying Hybrid Weighting Technique (혼합 가중치를 적용한 보강토 옹벽의 상태평가항목 가중치 평가)

  • Lee, Hyung Do;Won, Jeong-Hun;Seong, Joohyun
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.83-93
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    • 2017
  • This study proposed the new weighting values and fault points of condition assessment items for reinforced earth retaining walls based on the combination the inspection data and hybrid weighting technique. Utilizing the inspection data of 161 reinforced earth retaining walls, multi regression analysis and entropy technique were applied to gain the weighting values of condition assessment items. In addition, the weighting values by AHP technique was analyzed based on the opinion of experts. By appling hybrid weighting technique to the calculated weighting values obtained by the individual technique, the new weighting values of condition assessment items were proposed, and the fault points and fault indices of reinforced earth retaining walls were proposed. Results showed that the rank of the weighting value of the condition evaluation items was fluctuated according to the multiple regression analysis, AHP technique, and entropy technique. There was no duplication of the rank of the weighting value while the current weighting value was overlapped. Specially, in the rsults of multi regression analysis, two condition assessment items were occupied 70% of the total weights. When the proposed weighting values were applied to existing reinforced earth retaining wall of 161, 16 reinforced earth retaining walls showed the increased risk rank and 31 represented the decreased risk rank.

Aggregation of Decision Inputs with Ordered Weighted Averaging Operators and Application to the Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems (순위가중치평균법에 의한 의사전략 결합 및 다기준의사결정 문제로의 적용)

  • Oh, Se-Woong;Park, Jong-Min;Yang, Young-Hoon;Seo, Ki-Yoel;Lee, Cheol-Young;Suh, Sang-Hyun
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.537-543
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    • 2007
  • It's an important part to calculate the weights between criterions and to aggregate the decision inputs in a MCDM(Multi criterion decision making) This paper presents a method for aggregation cf decision inputs and application to the MCDM. We incorporate the fuzzy set theory and the basic nature of subjectivity due to ambiguity to achieve a flexible decision approach suitable for uncertain and fuzzy environments. To obtain the scoring that corresponds to the best alternative or the ranking of the alternatives, we need to use a total order for the fuzzy numbers involved in the problem. In this article, we consider a definition of such a total order, which is based on two subjective aspects: the degree of optimism/pessimism reflected with the ordered weighted averaging(OWA) oprators. A numerical example, expecially location analysis for anchorage area, is given to illustrate the approach.

A Study on the Application of the Korean Valuation Weights for EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EuroQoL-5 Dimension 한국 가중치 모형의 적용 연구)

  • Lee, Young-Hoon;Choi, Jin-Su;Rhee, Jung-Ae;Ryu, So-Yeon;Shin, Min-Ho;Kim, Jin-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2009
  • Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and to identify its related factors among urban-dwelling adults. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from 1,134 subjects aged $20\sim91$, who participated in 'Survey on the health status and demand for health' in two cities of Korea (Dong-gu, Gwangju and Suncheon-si, Jeollanamdo). The HRQOL was measured using the EQ-5D instrument and EQ-5D index scores were calculated by two Korean valuation study model using time trade-off method. Results: The mean EQ-5D index scores for all subjects were $0.865{\pm}0.218$ (model A), and $0.921{\pm}0.170$ (model B). The EQ-5D index score was significantly different according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, income, and health security system), self-rated health condition, health-related psychological assessments (enough sleep, fatigue rate, stress rate, and degree of satisfaction on the residence). The results of multiple linear regression showed that age, marital status, income, coverage of medical insurance, self-rated health condition, and fatigue rate were significantly related common statistical factors of HRQOL in two Korean valuation study model. Conclusion: Among the adults residing in urban environment, the HRQOL was significantly lower on the subjects with following conditions: higher age, being alone without a spouse as a result of death, divorce or separation, low income, medical aid program, poor self-rated health condition, and chronic fatigue. In order to improve the urban adults' quality of life, healthcare policy and health promotion program must be developed with considerations to factors related to the HRQOL.

A preliminary study on the use of analytic hierarchy process for selecting a optimum trenchless excavation method (최적의 비개착공법 선정을 위한 계층분석법의 적용에 관한 기초연구)

  • Kang, Tae-Ho;Chang, Soo-Ho;Choi, Soon-Wook;Lee, Chulho;Cho, Jinwoo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.685-693
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    • 2015
  • There have been high demands for urban underground structures. However, they should be rapidly constructed while maintaining the functions of adjacent structures and road systems especially in urban areas. In this respect, trenchless excavation methods are considered to very effective in minimizing ground displacements during excavation works. A variety of field conditions such as economic, technical and environmental aspects should be taken into consideration when an optimum trechless excavation method is to be chosen in a given condition. Therefore, this study aims to carry out a fundamental study to select an optimum trenchless excavation method by the decision making technique. Especially, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) which is a kind of a multiple attribute decision making process is adopted to consider the opinions of experts and to derive reliable decision criteria. As a result, the weights of key factors and the most effective trenchless methods for different ground conditions were proposed in this study.

Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Direct, Maternal and Grandmatemal Genetic Effects for Birth, Weaning and Six Month Weights of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle)

  • Choi, S.B.;Lee, J.W.;Kim, N.S.;Na, S.H.;Keown, J.F.;Van Vleck, L.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.149-154
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    • 2000
  • The objectives of this study of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) were 1) to estimate genetic parameters for direct and maternal genetic effects for birth weight, weaning weight, and six months weight which can be used for genetic evaluations and 2) to compare models with and without grandmatemal effects. Data were obtained from the National Livestock Research Institute in Rural Development Administration (RDA) of Korea and were used to estimate genetic parameters for birth weight (BW, n=10,889), weaning weight at 120-d (WW, n=8,637), and six month weight (W6, n=8,478) in Hanwoo. Total number of animals in pedigrees was 14,949. A single-trait animal model was initially used to obtain starting values for multiple-trait animal models. Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained with MTDFREML using animal models and derivative-free REML (Boldman et al., 1995). Estimates of direct heritability for BW, WW, and W6 analyzed as single-traits were 0.09, 0.03, and 0.02 from Model 3 which included direct and maternal genetic, maternal permanental environmental effects, and effects due to sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction, respectively. Ignoring sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction effect in the model (Model 2) resulted in larger estimates for direct heritability than for Model 3. Estimates of maternal heritability for BW, WW and W6 were 0.04, 0.05, and 0.07 from Model 3, respectively. The estimates of direct-maternal genetic correlation were positive for BW, WW, and W6 with Model 3 but were negative with Model 2 for WW and W6. Estimates of direct genetic correlations between BW and WW, BW and W6, and WW and W6 were large: 0.52, 0.45, and 0.90, respectively. Genetic correlations were also large and positive for maternal effects for BW with maternal effects for WW and W6 (0.69 and 0.74), and even larger for WW with W6 (0.97). The log likelihood values were the same for models including grandmatemal effects as for models including maternal effects for all traits. These results indicate that grandmatemal effects are not important for these traits for Hanwoo or that the data structure was not adequate for estimating parameters for a grandmatemal model.