• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.330-337
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• 2010

In this paper, 3-dimensional electromagnetic numerical analysis is performed about the eddy current(EC) array probe characteristic which is the next generation probe for accurate diagnosis of steam generator(SG) in nuclear power plants(NPPs). ASME(American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standard and X-probe combo calibration standard tube are selected for acquisition of eddy current testing(ECT) signals and this result of compared with the real test signals for reasonability of result. Based on the analysis result of calibration standard tube, ECT signals that are about the defects of pitting, stress corrosion cracking(SCC), multiple SCC and wear is obtained. Material of specimen was Inconel 600 which is usually used for SG tubes in NPPs. The operation frequency of 300 kHz were used. The signal characteristics could be observed according to the various defects. The results in this paper can be helpful when the ECT signals from EC array probe are evaluated and analyzed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.269-272
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• 2008

This paper reports on the cracking mitigation and flexural behavior experimentally observed in concrete prisms layered with strain-hardening cement composites (SHCCs) which is micro-mechanically designed cement composite and exhibits pseudo tensile strain-hardening behavior accompanied by multiple cracking while using a moderate amount of fiber, typically less than 2 percent in term of fiber volume fraction. In this study, SHCC is reinforced with 1.3 percent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 0.20 percent polyethylene (PE) in volume fraction. Tests were conducted using $100{\times}100{\times}400mm$ long prisms supported over a simply supported span of 350mm. The four point load was applied using MTS servo control machine. The thickness patched with SHCC is the main variable for this study. Experimental study shows that when subject to monotonic flexural loading, the SHCC layered repair system showed 2.7 - 4.2 times increased load carrying capacity, and mitigated cracking damage of concrete beams layered with SHCC compared with plain concrete beams.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

The cracking and spalling caused by fracture of concrete lining have adverse impacts on serviceability and durability of the tunnel, and the subsequent maintenance work for damaged structure needs to be specific to the damaging causes. In this paper, a particular case study of an operational tunnel structure is presented for the serious cracking and spalling behaviours of concrete lining, focusing on the multi-factors inducing lining failure. An integrated field investigation is implemented to characterize the spatial distribution of damages and detailed site situations. According to results of nondestructive inspection, insufficient lining thickness and cavity behind lining are the coupled-inducement of lining failure bahaviors. To further understanding of the lining structure performance influenced by these multiple construction deficiencies, a reliable numerical simulation based on extended finite element method (XFEM) is performed by using the finite element software. The numerical model with 112 m longitudinal calculation, 100 m vertical calculation and 43 m vertical depth, and the concrete lining with 1450 solid elements are set enrichment shape function for the aim of simulating cracking behavior. The numerical simulation responses are essentially in accordance with the actual lining damaging forms, especially including a complete evolutionary process of lining spalling. This work demonstrates that the serious lining damaging behaviors are directly caused by a combination of insufficient thickness lining and cavity around the surrounding rocks. Ultimately, specific maintenance work is design based on the construction deficiencies, and that is confirmed as an efficient, time-saving and safe maintenance method in the operational railway tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.541-549
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• 2007

This work describes an investigation into the feasibility of using an acoustic emission (AE) technique to evaluate the integrity of a composite actuator with a PZT ceramic under electromechanical cyclic loading. AE characteristics have been analyzed in terms of the behavior of the AE count rate and signal waveform in association with the performance degradation of the composite actuator during the cyclic tests. The results showed that the fatigue cracking of the composite actuator with a PZT ceramic occurred only in the PZT ceramic layer, and that the performance degradation caused by the fatigue damage varied immensely depending on the existence of a protecting composite bottom layer. We confirmed the correlations between the fatigue damage mechanisms and AE signal types for the actuators that exhibited multiple modes of fatigue damage; transgranular micro damage, intergranular fatigue cracking, and breakdown by a short circuiting were related to a burst type signal showing a shortly rising and slowly decaying waveform with a comparably low voltage, a continuous type signal showing a gradual rising and slowly decaying waveform with a very high voltage and a burst and continuous type signal with a high voltage, respectively. Results from the present work showed that the evolution of fatigue damage in the composite actuator with a PZT ceramic can be nondestructively identified via in situ AE monitoring and microscopic observations.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2022

Filling materials poured into precast member joint are subjected to restraint stress by the precast member and joint reinforcement. The induced stress will likely cause cracks at early ages and performance degradation of the entire structure. To prevent these issues and design reasonable joints, it is very important to analyze and evaluate the restrained shrinkage cracks of filling materials at various restraint conditions. In this study, a new time zero-that defines the shrinkage development time of a filling material-is proposed to calculate the accurate amount of shrinkage. The tensile stresses and strengths at different ages were compared through the ring test (AASHTO PP34) to evaluate the crack potential of the restrained filling materials at various restraint conditions. The mixture which contained an expansive additive and a shrinkage reducing agent exhibited high resistance to shrinkage cracking owing to the high-drying shrinkage compensation effect. The high-performance, fiber-reinforced cement composite, and ultra-high-performance, fiber-reinforced cement composite yielded very high resistance to shrinkage and cracking owing to the pull-out property of steel fibers. To this end, multiple nonlinear regression analyses were conducted based on the test results. Accordingly, a modified tensile stress equation that considered both the geometric shape of the specimen and the intrinsic properties of the material is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 1996

The mechanical properties of 2D ceramic composites fabricated bythe newly developed powder infiltration and subsequent multiple impregnation process were characterised by both 3-point flexure and tensile tests. These tests were performed with strain gauge and acoustic emission instrument. The woven fabric composites used for the test have the basic combinations of $Al_{2}$$O_{3}$ fabric/$Al_{2}$$O_{3}$ and SiC fabric (Tyranno)/SiC. Uniaxially aligned SiC fibre(Textron SCS-6)/SiC composites were also tested for comparison, The ultimate flexural strength and first-matrix cracking stress of SiC fabric/SiC composite with 73% of theoretical density were about 300 MPa and 77 MPa respectively. However, the ultimate tensile strengths of composite were generally one third of flexural strengths, and first-matrix cracking stress in a tension test was also much lower than the value obtained from flexure test. The lower mechanical properties measured by tension test were analysed quantitatively bythe differences in stressed volume using Weibull statistics. This showed that the ultimate strength and the firs-tmatrix cracking stress of woven laminate composites were mainly determined bythe gauge length of fibres and the stressed volume of matrix respectively. Incorporation of SiC whiskers into the matrix increased first-matrix cracking stress by increasing the matrix failure strain of composites.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.135-144
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• 2012

This article reviews the tailoring of engineered cementitious composites (ECC), a type of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites with a theoretical design basis, for special attributes or functions. The design basis, a set of analytic tools built on micromechanics, provides guidelines for tailoring of fiber, matrix, and fiber/matrix interfaces to attain tensile ductility in ECC. If conditions for controlled multiple cracking are disturbed by the need to introduce ingredients to attain a special attribute or function, micromechanics then serve as a systematic and rational means to efficiently recover composite tensile ductility. Three examples of ECCs with attributes of lightweight, high early strength, and self-healing functions, are used to illustrate these tailoring concepts. The fundamental approach, however, is broadly applicable to a wide variety of ECCs designed for targeted fresh and/or hardened characteristics required for specific applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1668-1671
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• 2005

Vulcanized natural rubber was pulverized using a single screw extruder in a non-cryogenic Solid Shear Extrusion process where rubber granulates were subjected to high compressive and shear stresses. The producted particles had diameters ranging from 40 to 1200$\{mu}m$. A principle used in this paper was developed in Russia. The development method for producing a polymeric material powder consists in compressing said material by shearing the material during a pressure increase and cooling. Consecutive breakdown is carried out by shearing the material during the pressure decrease and cooling.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.28-31
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• 2004

This paper discusses the role of micro and macrofibers in the workability, compressive strength, and failure of cementitious composites. Workability(flow), compressive strength, splitting strength and fracture mechanism of hybrid fiber reinforced cement composites(HFRCC) have been investigated by means of Korean Standard (KS). The specific blend pursued in this investigation is a combination of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) and steel cord. It was demonstrated that a hybrid combination of steel and PVA enhances fiber dispersion compared to only steel cord reinforced cement composites and that the brittle and wide cracking was much reduced in HFRCC as expected because in the matrix containing the PVA fiber around the steel cord, a multiple microcracking occurred and the steel cord could sufficiently work for bridging the cracked surface.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.18-21
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• 2004

This paper discusses how steel cord and PVA hybrid fibers enhance the performance of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPRFCC) in terms of elastic limit, strain hardening response and post peak of the composites. The effect of microfiber(PVA) blending ratio is presented. For this purpose flexure, direct tension and split tension tests were conducted. It was found that HFRCC specimen shows multiple cracking in the area subjected to the greatest bending tensile stress. Uniaxial tensile test confirms the range of tensile strain capacity from 0.5 to $1.5\%$ when hybrid fiber is used. The cyclic loading test results identified a unique unloading and reloading response for this ductile composite. Cyclic loading in tension appears not to affect the tensile response of the material if the uniaxial compressive strength during loading is not exceeded.