• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2012

This study investigated the role of plasmids and their relationship with the multiple antibiotic resistance of 30 Vibrios sp. isolated from molluscs and crustaceans sampled from the Kerala coastal waters of India. The biochemical identification and antibiotic resistance profiles were determined, followed by the plasmid profiles, conjugation and transformation efficiencies. The results showed a considerable difference in the level of bacterial resistance to various antibiotics; while all 30 strains were found to be MAR Vibrios sp. and their resistance patterns varied. All the strains were resistant to amoxycillin, ampicillin and carbeniciliin. 87% were resistant to rifampicin; 74% to cefuroxime; 67 to streptomycin; 53% to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin and 47% to furazolidone and nalidixic acid. In addition to their antibiotic resistance, the plasmid DNA of the MAR Vibrios strains isolated from the molluscs and crustaceans was also studied. Nine strains isolated from crustaceans and molluscs were found to harbor 1-3 plasmids with sizes varying from 5. 98 kb to 19. 36 kb. The average transformation efficiency was about $5{\times}10^{-8}$ and the conjugation efficiency varied from $2.1{\times}10^{-3}$ to $10^{-9}$. A further study of antibiotic resistance patterns may be useful to test the extent of drug resistance in seafoods and help to devise a nationwide antibiotic policy.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.415-423
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed in order to evaluate antibiotic resistance and analyze the multiple antibiotic resistance of food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center. Methods: An antibiotic test of food-borne pathogens, including four Staphylococcus aureus and 23 Bacillus cereus was conducted through the disk diffusion method from Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Results: All Staph. aureus was resistant to Ampicillin and Penicillin, while B. cereus was also resistant to Ampicillin, Cefepime and Penicillin. All isolates showed Vancomycin susceptibility but three out of four Staph. aureus and all B. cereus were resistant to Oxacillin. Staph. aureus and B. cereus presented two or more multiple antibiotic resistances. Conclusions: The results indicated that food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center showed multiple antibiotic resistances. The repeated control of indoor environment quality is required and continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistant strains is demanded.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 1987

To determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in fecal E. coli and to investigate possible associations between antibiotic resistance and other plasmid-mediated virulence properties, antibiotic disk susceptibility tests for nine antibiotics were done on 141 strains of E. coli isolated from diarrheal children and well controls. Eighty two percent of the test strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Antibiotics to which the test strains were most resistant in descending order were ampicillin (85%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (60%), and cephalothin (55%). Seventy nine percent of these resistant strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics. All 141 test strains were sorted into enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) and non-pathogenic E. coli and the percentages of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics were compared. Among ETEC regardless of its source, multiple drug resistance was more frequent in strains producing heatstable enterotoxin (ST) only than in strains producing only heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or both. In EAEC, multiple resistance was more frequently associated with strains isolated from diarrheal patients than with those from well controls. The major antibiotic resistance patterns possessed by multiple resistant enteropathogenic strains were $SXT^R$ $AM^R$, $CR^R$, and $SXT^R$ $AM^R$ $CR^R$. Of 28 ST- producing $SXT^R$ ETEC, 26(96%) were also resistant to ampicillin and 17 (61%) were resistant to cephalothin. The similar pattern was observed in EAEC and EPEC as well. This study has important implications for the treatment of E. coli diarrhea with antibiotics because it is possible that dissemination of virulence could occur under the force of selective antibiotic pressure. In addition, this study suggests that the in vivo efficacy of SXT in treating diarrheal illness be reevaluated.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 1990

Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined for 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated at a hospital in Pusan during summer in 1989. Resistance to chloramphenicol or clindamycin was recorded in 100% of strains. Resistance to the other compounds tested was as follows: tetracycline 86%, gentamicin 79%, tobramycin 71%, kanamycin 71%, erythromycin 57%, ampicillin 57%, methicillin 50%, streptomycin 29%, cephalothin 29%, and trimethoprim 21%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin and rifampicin. All strains showed multiple resistance to more than 3 antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.330-334
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• 2001

The polymorphism of Azospirillum isolates from ornamental rhizosphere and two reference strains were examined with respect to intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) profile. All the isolates showed different intrinsic resistances to different antibiotics viz., tetracycline, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin, spectinomycin and chloramphenicol. All the strains demonstrated susceptibility to high concentration of all antibiotics used in the present experiment. In addition to these general patterns, we also obseved the multiple antibiotic resistances of Azospirillum strains. The Azospirillum sp. OAD-11 was resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin, and Azospirillum sp. OAD-57 was resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Conversely, Azospirillum sp. OAD-9 possessed the dual susceptibility to tetracycline and spectinomycin, whereas Azospirillum sp. OAD-37 was dual susceptible to streptomycin and kanamycin. Such multiple antibiotic resistant/susceptible traits could be useful for the identification of the strains in field experiments or in molecular genetic transfer experiments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken feces. One hundred and forty-seven E. coli isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (95.2%), erythromycin (89.2%), ampicillin (70.1%), streptomycin (59.2%), cephalothin (56.5%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (53.7%), ciprofloxacin (57.1%), enrofloxacin (59.2%) and norfloxacin (57.1%). The multiple resistance was seen in 144 isolates (97.9%) and the rate of five, six and seven drugs resistance pattern were 20.4%, 18.4% and 16.3%, respectively. Also, the multiple resistance of E. coli to twelve drugs were seen in 1 isolates (0.7%). Fourteen Salmonella spp. showed resistance to ampicillin (50.0%), streptomycin (57.1%), erythromycin (64.3%) and tetracycline (57.1%) and the rate of two and three drugs resistance pattern were 4 isolates (28.6%), respectively. The prevalence of resistant organisms in Korea probably reflects lack of proper antibiotic policy resulting in prolonged and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1970

This report is to observe the rate of multiple resistance to various antibiotics among staphylococcus aureus and E. coli which were isolated with high frequency at our department during 1969. 1. One hundred fifty two strains(20.6%) resistant to four antibiotics multiple resistant was the highest incidence among 739 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Regarding the multiple antibiotic resistant of Staphylococcus aureus, 75strains(10.1%) to SA. PC. TC the three antibiotics resistant, have been observed, with the highest incidence, and next to this, 69 strains(9.3%) to SA. PC. SM. TC the four autibiotics resistant, and 68 strains(9.2%) to SA. PC. SM. CM. TC. SM. the six antibiotics resistant, have been observed in descending order. 3. The case of one hundred twenty seven strains(28.0%) of the six antibiotic multiple resistant among 454 strains of Escherchia coli was the highest incidence. 4. Concerning the multiple antibiotic resistant of Escherichia coli, 70 strains(l5.4%) to SA. SM. CM. TC. EM. FD. the six antibiotics resistant, have been observed, with the highest incidence, and next to this, 59 strains(l3.0%) to SA. SM. CM. TC. EM. FD. AC the seven antibiotics resistant, and 42 strains(9.3%) to SA. SM. CM. TC. EM. FD. KM. AC the eight antibiotics resistant have been observed in descending order.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.670-681
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to isolate enterococci in Sucuk, a traditional Turkish dry-fermented sausage and to analyze isolates for their biodiversity, antibiotic resistance patterns and the presence of some antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 60 enterococci strains were isolated from 20 sucuk samples manufactured without using a starter culture and they were identified as E. faecium (73.3%), E. faecalis (11.7%), E. hirae (8.3%), E. durans (3.3%), E. mundtii (1.7%) and E. thailandicus (1.7%). Most of the strains were found resistant to rifampin (51.67%) followed by ciprofloxacin (38.33%), nitrofurantoin (33.33%) and erythromycin (21.67%). All strains were found susceptible to ampicillin. Only E. faecium FYE4 and FYE60 strains displayed susceptibility to all antibiotics. Other strains showed different resistance patterns to antibiotics. E. faecalis was found more resistant to antibiotics than other species. Most of the strains (61.7%) displayed resistance from between two and eight antibiotics. The ermB, ermC, gyrA, tetM, tetL and vanA genes were detected in some strains. A lack of correlation between genotypic and phenotypic analysis for some strains was detected. The results of this study indicated that Sucuk manufactured without using a starter culture is a reservoir of multiple antibiotic resistant enterococci. Consequently, Sucuk is a potential reservoir for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes from animals to humans.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.365-380
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the association between socio-demographic factors and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance and consumer's knowledge on antibiotic use for common cold. Telephone survey was conducted between June 24 and July 2, 2009, among 1,015 adults who were randomly stratified by age, sex and area. A total of 921 respondents were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influence of socio-demographic factors on knowledge and attitudes. A total of 452 respondents(49.1%) recognised that they knew about antibiotic resistance and 769 respondents(83.5%) worried that antibiotic resistance is a serious problem in Korea. A total of 577 respondents(62.7%) had adequate knowledge on antibiotic use and resistance. Multiple logistic regression showed that younger age and higher education level were associated with adequate knowledge. The odds ratio of appropriate knowledge among persons with college degrees was 5.25(95% CI, 2.78-9.90) compared to those with elementary or less education. Sex and income variable were not predictors of adequate knowledge on antibiotic use and resistance. This study showed that consumers with less education had inadequate knowledge on antibiotic use for common cold. Even though consumers in their 40s and 50s thought they knew about antibiotic resistance, there is a need to improve their knowledge. Education campaigns for appropriate antibiotic use have to be differentiated among consumers with different socio-demographic characteristics.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.3.1-3.10
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• 2018

Background: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most common causes of seafood-borne illnesses in Korea, either directly or indirectly, by consuming infected seafood. Many studies have demonstrated the antibiotic susceptibility profile of V. parahaemolyticus. This strain has developed multiple antibiotic resistance, which has raised serious public health and economic concerns. This article reviews the food-borne outbreaks, distributions, virulence, and antibiotic resistance profiles of V. parahaemolyticus in Korea during 2003-2016. Main body: V. parahaemolyticus infections appeared to be seasonally dependent, because 69.7% of patient infections occurred in both August and September during 2003-2016. In addition, the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus in marine environments varies seasonally but is particularly high in July, August, and September. V. parahaemolyticus isolated from aquaculture sources on the Korean coast varied in association with virulence genes, some did not possess either the tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) or trh (tdh-related hemolysin) genes, and a few were positive for only the trh gene or both genes. The high percentage of ampicillin resistance against V. parahaemolyticus in the aquatic environment suggests that ampicillin cannot be used to effectively treat infections caused by this organism. Short conclusion: This study shows that the observed high percentage of multiple antibiotic resistance to V. parahaemolyticus is due to conventionally used antibiotics. Therefore, monitoring the antimicrobial resistance patterns at a national level and other solutions are needed to control aquaculture infections, ensure seafood safety, and avoid threats to public health caused by massive misuse of antibiotics.