• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-39
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• 2013

Some records have to be classified not according to their business function but according to their case because of the characteristics of the organization's business. Examples of this are case files, criminal files, lawsuit files, personal files, medical files, and project files. The case files are made according to standard business processes. Case files are filled with records of a series of activities and these records, which are made while carrying out various functions, reenact the multilevel process of a case. This study organized the implications of managing case files by examining the composition of lawsuit records and deducting characteristics in management. To do this, first, this study analyzed the composition of the lawsuit records that Korea Legal Aid Corporation produced and managed. Second, this study confirmed how the characteristics of case files are reflected in the lawsuit records of Korea Legal Aid Corporation. Third and lastly, this study searched how the lawsuit files are managed and used through the example of Korea Legal Aid Corporation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.437-449
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed an effect of area-environmental factor on breast cancer screening rates using multi-level analysis. It was intended for the KNHANES-IV. Total subjects were 14338. Among them, 4143 subjects met the inclusion criteria. When we applied only empty Model, a variance of breast cancer screening rates was 0.061 in each region. When we applied Model with individual level variables, the variance was 0.034. However, when we applied both Model with individual level variables and Model with area level variables, the variance was 0.023. We drew applied only individual level variables parallel applied 3 regional variances which could explain variance of inspection of breast cancer up to 18.04% compared with applied only individual level variables. Area level variables could reduce a variance of region. This means besides individual level variables. The group can share a same thing and can effect to breast cancer screening rates. We need to discover factors which area level variables and suggest that make a standard for inspection of breast cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.236-236
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• 2008

(Bi,La)$Ti_3O_{12}$(BLT) thin film is one of the most attractive materials for ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) applications due to its some excellent properties such as high fatigue endurance, low processing temperature, and large remanent polarization [1-2]. The authors firstly investigated and reported the damascene process of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for BLT thin film capacitor on behalf of plasma etching process for fabrication of FRAM [3]. CMP process could prepare the BLT capacitors with the superior process efficiency to the plasma etching process without the well-known problems such as plasma damages and sloped sidewall, which was enough to apply to the fabrication of FRAM [2]. BLT-CMP characteristics showed the typical oxide-CMP characteristics which were related in both pressure and velocity according to Preston's equation and Hernandez's power law [2-4]. Good surface roughness was also obtained for the densification of multilevel memory structure by CMP process [3]. The well prepared BLT capacitors fabricated by CMP process should have the sufficient ferroelectric properties for FRAM; therefore, in this study the electrical properties of the BLT capacitor fabricated by CMP process were analyzed with the process parameters. Especially, the effects of CMP pressure, which had mainly affected the removal rate of BLT thin films [2], on the electrical properties were investigated. In order to check the influences of the pressure in eMP process on the ferroelectric properties of BLT thin films, the electrical test of the BLT capacitors was performed. The polarization-voltage (P-V) characteristics show a decreased the remanent polarization (Pr) value when CMP process was performed with the high pressure. The shape of the hysteresis loop is close to typical loop of BLT thin films in case of the specimen after CMP process with the pressures of 4.9 kPa; however, the shape of the hysteresis loop is not saturated due to high leakage current caused by structural and/or chemical damages in case of the specimen after CMP process with the pressures of 29.4 kPa. The leakage current density obtained with positive bias is one order lower than that with negative bias in case of 29.4 kPa, which was one or two order higher than in case of 4.9 kPa. The high pressure condition was not suitable for the damascene process of BLT thin films due to the defects in electrical properties although the better efficiency of process. by higher removal rate of BLT thin films was obtained with the high pressure of 29.4 kPa in the previous study [2].

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 2017

Background: Health care utilizations and costs of the patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease in Korea increased dramatically. We analyzed whether hospital market competition is associated with charges and length of stay for patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease. Methods: We used Medical claims data of 2002 and 2010 from the nationwide representative sample of National Health Insurance Service of Korea. The study subjects were inpatients with degenerative lumbar spine disease (N=24,768) in 2002 and 2010. We employed a multilevel linear mixed model that included patient- and hospital-level variables in hierarchical data. Results: Higher hospital competition was associated with lower charges (${\beta}=57.5$, p<.0001 in 2002; ${\beta}=353.7$, p<.0001 in 2010) and shorter length of stay (${\beta}=0.3$, p<.0001 in 2002; ${\beta}=0.9$, p<.0001 in 2010) in both 2002 and 2010. Compared to 2002, the magnitude of such association became greater in 2010. However, subgroup analyses show that the influence of competition on charges and length of stay differed by hospital size. Conclusions: This study showed that hospital market structure (e.g., hospital competition) affects hospital efficiency (i.e., hospital charges and length of stay). It is necessary to continue to monitor how changing market structure influences hospital outcomes, including more detailed outcomes such as patient satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.157-182
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of lumbar stabilizing exercise on the functional recovery and the range of motion of low back pain patients. The subjects were consisted of sixty patients who had non specific chronic low back pain(32 females. 28 males; mean aged 37.3) from 19 to 65 years of age(mean age : 37.3). All subjects randomly assigned to the lumbar stabilizing exercise group, the modalities treatment group, the manual treatment group. Lumbar stabilizing exercise group received manual treatment with lumbar stabilizing exercise for 30minutes, modalities treatment group received hot pack used thermal therapy for 20minutes and ICT used electrical therapy for 20minutes and US or MWD used deep thermal therapy for 15minutes, manual treatment group received modalities treatment with therapeutic massage for 10minutes and joint mobilization or manipulation for 10minutes per day and three times a week during 4 weeks period. The Multilevel Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire(MR-MDQ) was used to measure functional disability level. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to measure subjective pain level. Remodified Schober test(RST) was used to measure forward flexion range of motion of lumbar segment. Finger-to-Floor test(F-T-FT) was used to measure forward flexion range of motion of full spine of low back pain patients. All measurements of each patients were measured at pre-treatment and 4 week post-treatment. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The MR-MDQ of lumbar stabilizing exercise group, modalities treatment group, and manual treatment group was significantly reduced between pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 2. The VAS of lumbar stabilizing exercise group, modalities treatment group, and manual treatment group was significantly reduced between pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 3. The RST of lumbar stabilizing exercise group, modalities treatment group, and manual treatment group was significantly reduced between pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 4. The F-T-FT of lumbar stabilizing exercise group, modalities treatment group, and manual treatment group was significantly reduced between pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 5. The results of analyzed effects of MR-MDQ, RST, F-T-FT were significantly reduced (p<.05), but VAS wasn't significantly reduced(p>.05) between treatment type of lumbar stabilizing exercise group and modalities treatment group and manual treatment group according to pre-treatment and post-treatment. 6. The results of LSD post-hoc to find difference between treatment type of lumbar stabilizing exercise group and modalities treatment group and manual treatment group according to pre-treatment and post-treatment that MR-MDQ was significantly reduced stabilizing exercise group than modalities treatment group(p<.05), and VAS wasn't significantly reduced all treatment group(p>.05), and RST was significantly reduced stabilizing exercise group than modalities treatment group(p<.05), and F-T-FT was significantly reduced stabilizing exercise group than modalities treatment group and manual treatment group (p<.05).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.624-628
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• 2007

Between 2001 and 2006, 3 neonates that had multilevel left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and a ventricular septal defect underwent the Norwood-Rastelli procedure. The body weights ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 kg. The patients had a near normal sized mitral valve and left ventricle. We simultaneously performed a modified Norwood procedure with native tissues-to-tissue anastomosis without circulatory arrest, and a Rastelli type procedure using a non-valved conduit from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery and intracardiac patch baffling from the left ventricle to the pulmonary valve via the ventricular septal defect. The postoperative courses were uneventful. During follow-up, there was one late mortality caused by a cardiac catheterization related complication at 7 months after surgery, One patient required a Rastelli conduit change. Two patients are doing well during a follow-up period of 1 and 5 years, respectively.

• Vascular Specialist International
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.94-102
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• 2018

Purpose: Aim of this study is to report real-life experience on the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) with a specific drug-coated balloon (DCB), and to evaluate potential prognostic factors for outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study reporting outcomes in patients with PAD who were treated with the Lutonix DCB during a four-year period. Major outcomes included: all-cause mortality, amputation, clinical improvement, wound healing and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Mean follow-up was $24.2{\pm}2.3$ months. Results: Overall, 149 patients (mean age: $68.6{\pm}8.3$ years; 113 males) were treated, either for intermittent claudication (IC) (n=86) or critical limb ischemia (CLI) (n=63). More than half the target lesions (n=206 in total) were located in the superficial femoral artery and 18.0% were below-the-knee lesions. CLI patients presented more frequently with infrapopliteal (P=0.002) or multilevel disease (P=0.0004). Overall, all-cause mortality during follow-up was 10.7%, amputation-free survival was 81.2% and TLR-free survival was 96.6%. CLI patients showed higher all-cause mortality (P=0.007) and total amputation (P=0.0001) rates as well as lower clinical improvement (P=0.0002), compared to IC patients. Coronary artery disease (CAD), gangrene and infrapopliteal disease were found to be predictors for death whereas CLI and gangrene were found to be predictors for amputation, during follow-up. Conclusion: PAD treatment with Lutonix DCBs seems to be an efficient and safe endovascular strategy yielding promising results. However, CAD, gangrene, CLI and infrapopliteal lesions were found to be independent predictors for adverse outcomes. Larger series are needed to identify additional prognostic factors.

• Asian Spine Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.973-980
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• 2018

Study Design: Retrospective review. Purpose: To identify the trends in stimulator use, pair those trends with various grafting materials, and determine the influence of stimulators on the risk of revision surgery. Overview of Literature: A large number of studies has reported beneficial effects of electromagnetic energy in healing long bone fractures. However, there are few clinical studies regarding the use of electrical stimulators in spinal fusion. Methods: We used insurance billing codes to identify patients with lumbar disc degeneration who underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). Comparisons between patients who did and did not receive electrical stimulators following surgery were performed using logistic regression analysis, chi-square test, and odds ratio (OR) analysis. Results: Approximately 19% of the patients (495/2,613) received external stimulators following ALIF surgery. There was a slight increase in stimulator use from 2008 to 2014 (multi-level $R^2=0.08$, single-level $R^2=0.05$). Patients who underwent multi-level procedures were more likely to receive stimulators than patients who underwent single-level procedures (p<0.05; OR, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 3.02-4.57). Grafting options associated with most frequent stimulator use were bone marrow aspirates (BMA) plus autograft or allograft for single-level and allograft alone for multi-level procedures. In both cohorts, patients treated with bone morphogenetic proteins were least likely to receive electrical stimulators (p<0.05). Patients who received stimulation generally had higher reimbursements. Concurrent posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) (ALIF+PLF) increased the likelihood of receiving stimulators (p<0.05). Patients who received electrical stimulators had similar revision rates as those who did not receive stimulation (p>0.05), except those in the multilevel ALIF+PLF cohort, wherein the patients who underwent stimulation had higher rates of revision surgery. Conclusions: Concurrent PLF or multi-level procedures increased patients' likelihood of receiving stimulators, however, the presence of comorbidities did not. Patients who received BMA plus autograft or allograft were more likely to receive stimulation. Patients with and without bone stimulators had similar rates of revision surgery.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.581-594
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• 2016

This study aims to observe the effect of age friendliness of cities on life satisfaction and to suggest ways to improve quality of life of older people. The secondary data sets were used in this study, which were '2014 Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older People.' It's a nationwide data collected by the Korean Institute of Health and Social Affairs. A multilevel analysis model was used to analyze the data because the level of age friendliness has a hierarchical data structure. Results showed as follows: First, life satisfaction of older adults is affected by the level of age-friendliness of cities in which they live. Second, on the personal level, older people showed low life satisfaction when they are more older and have more chronic diseases and more depressed. On the contrary, life satisfaction of older adults increased when they have higher education and income. Third, on the city level, older people showed higher life satisfaction when they live in high employment rate area and participation rate of lifelong education. Cautions should be placed when interpret the result because the variables that represent the characteristics of age friendless of cities were constituted arbitrary. Based on the results, suggestions for improving the city environment age-friendly and implications for social welfare practice were provided.