• 제목/요약/키워드: multidimensional data

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동강 지류 기화천의 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집특성 (Characteristics of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Gihwa Stream, Tributary of Dong River, Korea)

  • 전형주;홍철;송미영;김경환;이완옥;곽인실
    • 생태와환경
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    • 제52권2호
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    • pp.105-117
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    • 2019
  • 동강 지류인 기화천의 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집 특성을 알아보기 위해 6지점을 대상으로 2013년 4월과 11월 조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간 동안 출현한 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 4문 5강 12목 29과 63종이었다. 출현 종수는 4월 조사에서 총 48종으로 지점별로 11~28종, 11월 조사에서 총 44종으로 지점별로 13~24종이 출현하였다. 계절별 출현 개체수는 4월 조사에서 $560{\sim}2,290inds.\;m^{-2}$, 11월 조사에서 $806{\sim}3,674inds.\;m^{-2}$로 다소 증가하였다. 종조성을 살펴보면 우점종으로는 깔따구류가 4월 조사에서 가장 많이 출현하였으며, 11월 조사에서 연날개수염치레각날도래가 가장 우점하였다. 섭식기능군은 4월의 경우 전체 지점에서 GC가 우세하였으나, 11월은 FC가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 날도래목의 증가로 St.1, St.5, St.6의 EPT는 4월보다 11월에 증가하였으며, 양식장 주변에 위치한 St.2, St.3, St.4는 전체적으로 EPT가 낮게 나왔으나, 깔따구류의 감소로 BMI는 4월보다 11월에 더 좋아지는 것으로 나타났다. 조사지점의 환경요인은 St.1을 제외하고 비슷한 경향을 나타냈으며, 전기전도도, 염분농도, 수폭은 계절적 차이를 보였다. 환경요인과 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집을 다변량분석으로 살펴본 결과 조사시기에 따라 두 그룹으로 나누어졌으며, 이들 그룹은 전기전도도, 염도, 하상구성 특성과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있었다.

인구감소 시대와 초고령 사회의 지속가능한 삶으로서 스마트 에이징의 개념과 모형에 관한 탐색적 연구 (Constructing a Conceptual Framework of Smart Ageing Bridging Sustainability and Demographic Transformation)

  • 이현정;박정호
    • 토지주택연구
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2023
  • 전 지구적으로 기대수명 증가와 과학 기술의 비약적인 발전은 인구 고령화와 함께 에이징에 대한 패러다임을 변화시켰고, 세계 최하위 저출산 국가인 한국은 인구 자연 감소 시대와 초고령 사회라는 복합적인 인구구조의 격변으로 새로운 국가 위기와 국정과제 해결에 직면하였다. 즉 노인 인구의 급증과 핵심노동인력의 급감으로 돌봄 수급의 심각한 불균형은 노후 삶의 질(Quality of Life) 향상, 인간 존엄성(Dignity) 보전, 자립 생활(Independent Living) 유지를 위하여 혁신적인 접근을 요구하고 있다. 이에 4차 산업의 혁신 기술이 접목된 스마트 에이징이 지속가능한 삶의 가치를 실현시킬 수단으로 급부상하여 주목받고 있으나 학술적 정의나 사회적 합의의 부재 속에 관련 논의가 이어지고 있다. 이에 본 고에서는 통합적 문헌고찰과 개념 분석의 접근을 활용하여 스마트 에이징의 개념과 그 모형을 구성하고자 한다. 먼저 에이징의 점증적인 패러다임 변화 속에 등장한 스마트 에이징의 개념과 속성을 살펴보았고, 그 구성요소인 에이징 인 플레이스(Aging in Place), 웰 에이징(Well Aging), 액티브 에이징(Active Ageing)를 도출하여 각 요소별 특징을 검토하였다. 스마트 에이징의 첫 구성요소인 에이징 인 플레이스는 친숙한 지역사회 내의 거주 연속성에 초점을 두고 주거기반의 자립 생활, 사회적 교류의 지속, 자기결정권의 존중, 잔존 능력의 최대한 활용 등을 촉진하는 에이징 친화적인 환경의 조성을 의미한다. 웰 에이징은 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 신체적·정신적·사회적·영성적·경제적 조화로움, 균형적인 삶, 주관적인 행복을 중시하는 웰빙이 강조되는 반면 액티브 에이징은 적극적인 사회활동의 참여와 경제적인 노동활동의 참가를 통한 능동적 삶을 지향한다. 이러한 구성요소를 토대로 스마트 에이징의 전제 조건으로서 주거보장, 소득보장, 의료보장, 돌봄보장, 참여보장을 제안하며, 이들 구성요소와 전제조건은 상호연관성을 지니며 뉴노멀 시대의 지속가능한 삶의 질에 일조할 것이다. 아울러 사용자 친화적인 스마트 에이징을 구현하기 위한 생태계 구축과 함께 에이지-테크(Age-Tech) 산업의 육성과 동향 파악이 뒤따라야 할 것이다.

Perceptional Change of a New Product, DMB Phone

  • Kim, Ju-Young;Ko, Deok-Im
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.59-88
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    • 2008
  • Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

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