• 제목/요약/키워드: multi-component diffusion

검색결과 26건 처리시간 0.028초

복합열화에 노출된 균열부 콘크리트 내의 염화물 침투 해석 기법에 대한 연구 (A Study on Analysis Technique for Chloride Penetration in Cracked Concrete under Combined Deterioration)

  • 권성준;송하원;변근주
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.359-366
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    • 2007
  • 최근들어 내구성에 대한 사회적, 공학적 중요성이 부각됨에 따라, 염해 및 탄산화에 대한 연구가 집중되고 있다. 일반적으로 침지된 구조물의 경우를 제외하고는 염해와 탄산화는 동시에 발생하게 되는데, 탄산화 영역에서는 염화물 거동이 일반콘크리트에서의 염화물 거동과 다르게 평가된다. 그리고 콘크리트 구조에 발생된 균열은 단일열화 뿐 아니라 복합열화의 진전에도 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구의 목적은 염화물 확산과 침투 그리고 이산화탄소 유입에 따른 탄산화 거동을 고려하여, 복합열화에 노출된 건전부 및 균열부 콘크리트 구조물의 열화 해석을 수행하는데 있다. 먼저 초기재령 콘크리트의 다상 수화 발열 모델 및 공극 구조 형성 모델을 도입한 염화물 확산 및 침투를 고려한 염화물 이동 모델을 이용하였다. 이후 탄산화 해석을 통하여 탄산화 영역 진전에 따라 변화하는 공극 분포, 포화도 및 고정화 염화물의 해리를 모델링하여 복합 열화 모델을 개발하였으며 개발된 모델은 기존의 실태 조사 결과 및 실험 결과와 비교하여 그 적용성을 검증하였다. 한편 선행된 연구 결과인 균열부의 염화물 및 탄산화 거동을 고려하여, 보통포틀랜트시멘트 (OPC; ordinary portland cement) 및 혼화재 (슬래그)를 사용한 콘크리트에 대한 복합열화 거동을 시뮬레이션 하였다. 그 결과 건전부 및 균열부에 대하여 복합열화 저항성을 평가할 수 있는 복합열화 천이 영역 (CCTZ)를 제안하였으며, 혼화재를 사용한 콘크리트가 OPC를 사용한 콘크리트에 비하여 복합열화 저항성이 우수함을 해석적으로 구명하였다.

다중회귀 분석기법을 이용한 모바일 컨버전스 제품에 관한 연구 -휴대전화 중심으로- (A Study on Mobile Convergence Products using Multi-Regression Analysis Methods -based on Mobile Phone-)

  • 조대호;천현재;이홍철
    • 감성과학
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.13-21
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    • 2007
  • 모바일 컨버전스가 확산되면서 많은 기업들은 다양한 기능을 통합한 컨버전스 제품을 출시하고 있다. 이러한 모바일 컨버전스는 휴대의 편의성과 디지털 기기의 특성상 기기들 간의 공통된 요소를 함께 사용할 수 있는 경제적인 측면과 사용상의 편리성 증가 등 여러 가지 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 컨버전스 경향에 힘입어 많은 제품이 시장에 출시되었으나 기대와는 달리 실패하는 사례가 발생하고 있다. 이것은 제품개발에 있어서 컨버전스 제품에 대한 소비자의 평가를 반영하는데 미흡한 결과로 볼 수 있다. 컨버전스 제품이 시장에서 살아남기 위해서는 제품의 우수성과 인프라 구축도 중요하지만 무엇보다도 소비자가 컨버전스 제품을 어떻게 평가하고 어떠한 요인의 영향을 받는지에 대한 이해가 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재까지 모바일기기를 중심으로 제품 평가에 대한 연구가 미비했다. 따라서 본 연구는 모바일 컨버전스 제품에 대한 소비자 평가와 영향 요인을 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구는 설문조사 방법에 의해 이루어졌으며, 158명으로부터 수집한 자료는 분산분석과 다중회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과 상대적 이점, 복잡성, 관찰가능성(MP3, 게임), 지각된 편리성 등의 요인들이 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

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Nano-scale Design of electrode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

  • 강기석
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.72-72
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    • 2012
  • Lithium rechargeable batteries have been widely used as key power sources for portable devices for the last couple of decades. Their high energy density and power have allowed the proliferation of ever more complex portable devices such as cellular phones, laptops and PDA's. For larger scale applications, such as batteries in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) or power tools, higher standards of the battery, especially in term of the rate (power) capability and energy density, are required. In PHEV, the materials in the rechargeable battery must be able to charge and discharge (power capability) with sufficient speed to take advantage of regenerative braking and give the desirable power to accelerate the car. The driving mileage of the electric car is simply a function of the energy density of the batteries. Since the successful launch of recent Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydride)-based HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) in the market, there has been intense demand for the high power-capable Li battery with higher energy density and reduced cost to make HEV vehicles more efficient and reduce emissions. However, current Li rechargeable battery technology has to improve significantly to meet the requirements for HEV applications not to mention PHEV. In an effort to design and develop an advanced electrode material with high power and energy for Li rechargeable batteries, we approached to this in two different length scales - Atomic and Nano engineering of materials. In the atomic design of electrode materials, we have combined theoretical investigation using ab initio calculations with experimental realization. Based on fundamental understanding on Li diffusion, polaronic conduction, operating potential, electronic structure and atomic bonding nature of electrode materials by theoretical calculations, we could identify and define the problems of existing electrode materials, suggest possible strategy and experimentally improve the electrochemical property. This approach often leads to a design of completely new compounds with new crystal structures. In this seminar, I will talk about two examples of electrode material study under this approach; $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{0.5}O_2$ based layered materials and olivine based multi-component systems. In the other scale of approach; nano engineering; the morphology of electrode materials are controlled in nano scales to explore new electrochemical properties arising from the limited length scales and nano scale electrode architecture. Power, energy and cycle stability are demonstrated to be sensitively affected by electrode architecture in nano scales. This part of story will be only given summarized in the talk.

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접착레진 적용 유무에 따른 TEGDMA의 방출속도 및 방출량 비교 (A COMPARISON OF RELEASE RATE AND CUMULATIVE RELEASE OF TEGDMA WITH OR WITHOUT THE APPLICATION OF BONDING RESIN)

  • 신희정;전성민
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.701-709
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    • 1998
  • Many dental composites are Bis-GMA based resin which diluted with the more fluid monomer triethylenglycol dimethacrylate(TEGDMA). TEGDMA is often present in exess so that some quantity remains unreacted following photo-initiated polymerization. TEGDMA is a component of some resin composites which contributes to their cytotoxicity. The presence of dentin between resin composite and pulp space reduce the cytotoxicity in vitro. The root system from extrcted human third molar was removed and then a circular occlusal cavity 4mm in diameter was prepared, leaving a remaining dentinal thickness to the roof of the pulpal chamber within the range 1.0-1.5mm. Dentine was treated with 37% phosphoric acid prior to Z 100 placement without using bonding resin(group 1). In group 2, SMP(Scotchbond Multi Purpose) primer, bonding resin prior to Z 100 placement were applied sequently. In group 3, moulds with internal dimensions 4mm diameter by 2mm depth were used to contain the composite alone with an equvalent mass on tooth model, and then they were immersed directly into water. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the release rate and quantity of TEGDMA with or without the application of bonding resin. Both release rate and total cumulative amount of TEGDMA for the three groups were determined using reversed-phase HPLC at times up to 10 days. The results were as follows: 1. All experimental groups showed the highest rate of release was in the first sample period(0-4.32 min) and the rate of release declined exponentially thereafter. 2. The maximum release rate and total cumulative account of TEGDMA in the tooth model of group 1 and group 2 with the use of SMP bonding resin were reduced however ther were no significant differences between these groups(P>0.05). 3. In the first sample period(0-4.32 min), the rate of release of TEGDMA from composite resin in group 3 immersed directly into water was significantly higher than that in group 1 and group 2 of tooth model(P<0.05). Conclusively, TEGDMA diffusion from Z 100 resin was not effectively prevented by the presence of dentin in spite of using the SMP bonding resin.

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수화물 및 공극률 관측 실험을 통한 시멘트모르타르의 탄산화 특성 변화에 대한 연구 (A Study on Change in Cement Mortar Characteristics under Carbonation Based on Tests for Hydration and Porosity)

  • 권성준;송하원;박상순
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.613-621
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    • 2007
  • 내구성에 대한 중요성이 부각됨에 따라, 주요 열화현상인 탄산화에 대한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 그러나 탄산화에 대한 연구는 주로 탄산화 깊이의 도출에 국한하고 있으며 경화된 콘크리트를 가정하므로 실제적인 탄산화 거동과는 많은 차이를 보이고 있다. 강재와는 다르게 콘크리트는 공극률과 내부의 수화물의 거동이 매우 중요한데, 탄산화 진행에 따라 초기재령에서 결정되어지는 거동 (공극률 및 수화물)이 다르게 변화한다. 열화 물질의 이동은 주로 콘크리트의 공극률 및 포화도에 의존하므로, 탄산화 후의 거동 평가는 장기열화해석 및 복합열화해석 등에 고려되는 것이 바람직하다. 공극률의 경우, 변화된 공극률이 고려되지 않으면 확산계수의 감소가 구현될 수 없으며 이에 따라 과다한 탄산화 해석을 야기하게 된다. 한편 수화물, 특히 수산화칼슘의 잔존량 평가는 탄산화 깊이의 평가 및 내부 공극수의 특성 변화를 결정하기도 하며, 복합열화에서 발생하는 고정화 염화물량에 큰 영향을 주게 된다. 그러므로 실내 실험들을 통한 공극률 및 수화물 분석은 최근들어 탄산화에 대해서도 많이 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 미세 관측 실험을 통하여, 탄산화 전후의 공극률 분포 변화, 수화물 거동의 변화를 실험적으로 수행하였다. 공극률 측정으로는 MIP 실험을, 수화물 변화에서는 TGA 실험을 수행하였으며, 기존의 해석 모델인 다상복합수화발열모델 및 미세 공극 구조 형성모델을 개선하여 각각의 탄산화 이후의 공극률 변화 및 수화물 변화를 개발하였다. 개발된 각각의 모델의 결과는 탄산화 전후의 공극률 및 수화물의 변화를 잘 예측하였으며, 탄산화 이후의 열화현상 등에 기초적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 평가되었다.

스마트폰의 지각된 가치와 지속적 사용의도, 그리고 개인 혁신성의 조절효과 (An Empirical Study on Perceived Value and Continuous Intention to Use of Smart Phone, and the Moderating Effect of Personal Innovativeness)

  • 한준형;강성배;문태수
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.53-84
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    • 2013
  • With rapid development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), new services by the convergence of mobile network and application technology began to appear. Today, smart phone with new ICT convergence network capabilities is exceedingly popular and very useful as a new tool for the development of business opportunities. Previous studies based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggested critical factors, which should be considered for acquiring new customers and maintaining existing users in smart phone market. However, they had a limitation to focus on technology acceptance, not value based approach. Prior studies on customer's adoption of electronic utilities like smart phone product showed that the antecedents such as the perceived benefit and the perceived sacrifice could explain the causality between what is perceived and what is acquired over diverse contexts. So, this research conceptualizes perceived value as a trade-off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice, and we need to research the perceived value to grasp user's continuous intention to use of smart phone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structured relationship between benefit (quality, usefulness, playfulness) and sacrifice (technicality, cost, security risk) of smart phone users, perceived value, and continuous intention to use. In addition, this study intends to analyze the differences between two subgroups of smart phone users by the degree of personal innovativeness. Personal innovativeness could help us to understand the moderating effect between how perceptions are formed and continuous intention to use smart phone. This study conducted survey through e-mail, direct mail, and interview with smart phone users. Empirical analysis based on 330 respondents was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. First, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived usefulness among three factors of perceived benefit has the highest positive impact on perceived value, and then followed by perceived playfulness and perceived quality. Second, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived cost among three factors of perceived sacrifice has significantly negative impact on perceived value, however, technicality and security risk have no significant impact on perceived value. Also, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived value has significant direct impact on continuous intention to use of smart phone. In this regard, marketing managers of smart phone company should pay more attention to improve task efficiency and performance of smart phone, including rate systems of smart phone. Additionally, to test the moderating effect of personal innovativeness, this research conducted multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users. In a group with high level of innovativeness, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived playfulness was the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result of the group with high level of innovativeness explains that innovators and early adopters are able to cope with higher level of cost and risk, and they expect to develop more positive intentions toward higher performance through the use of an innovation. Also, hedonic behavior in the case of the group with low level of innovativeness aims to provide self-fulfilling value to the users, in contrast to utilitarian perspective, which aims to provide instrumental value to the users. However, with regard to perceived sacrifice, both groups in general showed negative impact on perceived value. Also, the group with high level of innovativeness had less overall negative impact on perceived value compared to the group with low level of innovativeness across all factors. In both group with high level of innovativeness and with low level of innovativeness, perceived cost has the highest negative influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with high level of innovativeness showed that perceived technicality was the positive factor to influence perceived value than others. However, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived security risk was the second high negative factor to influence perceived value than others. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on influencing factors on continuous intention to use of smart phone, rather than considering initial purchase and adoption of smart phone. First, perceived value, which was used to identify user's adoption behavior, has a mediating effect among perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and continuous intention to use smart phone. Second, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value, while perceived cost has significant negative influence on perceived value. Third, perceived value, like prior studies, has high level of positive influence on continuous intention to use smart phone. Fourth, in multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users, perceived usefulness, in a group with high level of innovativeness, has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, perceived playfulness, in a group with low level of innovativeness, has the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result shows that early adopters intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their job useful, instead market followers intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their time enjoyable. In terms of marketing strategy for smart phone company, marketing managers should pay more attention to identify their customers' lifetime value by the phase of smart phone adoption, as well as to understand their behavior intention to accept the risk and uncertainty positively. The academic contribution of this study primarily is to employ the VAM (Value-based Adoption Model) as a conceptual foundation, compared to TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) used widely by previous studies. VAM is useful for understanding continuous intention to use smart phone in comparison with TAM as a new IT utility by individual adoption. Perceived value dominantly influences continuous intention to use smart phone. The results of this study justify our research model adoption on each antecedent of perceived value as a benefit and a sacrifice component. While TAM could be widely used in user acceptance of new technology, it has a limitation to explain the new IT adoption like smart phone, because of customer behavior intention to choose the value of the object. In terms of theoretical approach, this study provides theoretical contribution to the development, design, and marketing of smart phone. The practical contribution of this study is to suggest useful decision alternatives concerned to marketing strategy formulation for acquiring and retaining long-term customers related to smart phone business. Since potential customers are interested in both benefit and sacrifice when evaluating the value of smart phone, marketing managers in smart phone company has to put more effort into creating customer's value of low sacrifice and high benefit so that customers will continuously have higher adoption on smart phone. Especially, this study shows that innovators and early adopters with high level of innovativeness have higher adoption than market followers with low level of innovativeness, in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived cost. To formulate marketing strategy for smart phone diffusion, marketing managers have to pay more attention to identify not only their customers' benefit and sacrifice components but also their customers' lifetime value to adopt smart phone.