• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2004

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, especially school age children and persisting into adult. ADHD is affected 7.6% in our children, Korea. and persisting into $15{\sim}20%$ in adult. And it is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. Brain imaging is one of way to diagnosis for ADHD. Brain imaging studies may be provide information two types - structural and functional imaging. Structural and functional images of the brain play an important role in management of neurologic and psyciatric disorders. Brain SPECT, with perfusion imaging radiopharmaceuticals is one of the appropriate test to diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Ther are a few studies about separated analysis between boys and girls ADHD SPECT brain images. Selection of Probability level(P-value) is very important to determind the abnormalities when analysis a data by SPM. SPM is a statistical method used for image analysis and determine statistical different between two groups-normal and ADHD. Commonly used P-value is P<0.05 in statistical analysis. The purpose of this study is to evaluation of blood flow clusters distribution, between boys and girls ADHD. The number of normal boys are 8(6-7y, average : $9.6{\pm}3.9y$) and 51(4-11y, average : $9.0{\pm}2.4$) ADHD patients, and normal girls are 4(6-12y, average : $9{\pm}2.4y$) and 13(2-13y, average $10{\pm}3.5y$) ADHD patiens. Blood flow tracer $^{99m}Tc-ethylcysteinate$ dimer(ECD) injected as rCBF agent and take blood flow images after 30 min. during sleeping by SPECT camera. The anatomical region of hyperperfusion of rCBF in boys ADHD group is posterior cingulate gyrus and hyperperfusion rate is 15.39-15.77% according to p-value. And girls ADHD group appears at posterior cerebellum, Lt. cerbral limbic lobe and Lt. Rt. cerebral temporal lobe. These areas hyperperfusion rate are 24.68-31.25%. Hypoperfusion areas in boys ADHD,s brain are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. Rt. frontal lobe and mid-prefrontal lobe, these areas decresed blood flow as 15.21-15.64%. Girls ADHD decreased blood flow regions are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. cerebral frontal and temporal lobe, Lt. Rt. lentiform nucleus and Lt. parietal lobe. And hypoperfusion rate is 30.57-30.85% in girls ADHD. The girls ADHD group's perfusion rate is more variable than boys. The studies about rCBF in ADHD, should be separate with boys and girls.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution of clusters and blood flow rate in ADHD SPECT brain blood flow images of children using statistical parametric mapping (SPM99). We studied 64 ADHD children (4-15 y, $8.03{\pm}2.57$ y. male/female:52/12) and compared them with a control group of 12 children (6-l7 y, $9.42{\pm}3.37$ y, male/female:8/4). We injected blood flow tracer $^{99m}Tc$-ethylcysteinate dimer (ECD) as a rCBF agent and took blood flow images after 30 min. by SPECT camera. In the case of hyperperfusion of rCBF in the ADHD group, we found 3 clusters clearly separated at the cingulate gyrus, Rt.cerebral occipital lobe and Lt.cerebellar post. lobe, on probability level 0.05 (P<0.05). Thirty-six ADHD patients with average hyperfusion rates between 18.72-19.30% in each cluster had more increase in blood flow than the average perfusion rate at the Rt. cerebral occipital lobe. These levels were influenced by P-value. In the case of hypoperfusion in the ADHD children, 4 decreased clusters on Lt. and Rt. cerebral frontal lobe, Lt. cerebral claustrum and Rt. cerebral, sup. temporal gyrus at P<0.01 can be seen. The average hypoperfusion rates for the ADHD children were 18.41-18.69% in each cluster, which showed more hypopefusion than the average perfusion rate at the Lt. Cerebrum inf. Frontal gyrus. The perfusion rates and the number of patients were not affected by P-value. The result of this study shows significant hyperpefusion clusters at the probability level of P:0.05 and hypoperfusion clusters at P:0.01. The number of ADHD patients in each clusters and the perfusion rate were not affected by P-value.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 1998

Electro-Optical Camera(EOC) is the main payload of the KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite(KOMPSAT) with the mission of cartography to build up a digital map of Korean territory including a Digital Terrain Elevation Map(DTEM). This instalment which comprises EOC Sensor Assembly and EOC Electronics Assembly produces the panchromatic images of 6.6 m GSD with a swath wider than 17 km by push-broom scanning and spacecraft body pointing in a visible range of wavelength, 510~730 nm. The high resolution panchromatic image is to be collected for 2 minutes during 98 minutes of orbit cycle covering about 800 km along ground track, over the mission lifetime of 3 years with the functions of programmable gain/offset and on-board image data storage. The image of 8 bit digitization, which is collected by a full reflective type F8.3 triplet without obscuration, is to be transmitted to Ground Station at a rate less than 25 Mbps. EOC was elaborated to have the performance which meets or surpasses its requirements of design phase. The spectral response, the modulation transfer function, and the uniformity of all the 2592 pixel of CCD of EOC are illustrated as they were measured for the convenience of end-user. The spectral response was measured with respect to each gain setup of EOC and this is expected to give the capability of generating more accurate panchromatic image to the users of EOC data. The modulation transfer function of EOC was measured as greater than 16 % at Nyquist frequency over the entire field of view, which exceeds its requirement of larger than 10 %. The uniformity that shows the relative response of each pixel of CCD was measured at every pixel of the Focal Plane Array of EOC and is illustrated for the data processing.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.333-338
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• 2012

Human resource management is bringing the various changes with the IT technology. In particular, if HRM is non-scientific method such as group management, physical plant, working hours constraints, personal contacts, etc, the current enterprise human resources management(e-HRM) appeared in the individual dimension management, virtual workspace (for example: smart work center, home work, etc.), working time flexibility and elasticity, computer-based statistical data and the scientific method of analysis and management has been a big difference in the sense. Therefore, depending on changes in the environment, companies have introduced a variety of techniques as RFID card, fingerprint time & attendance systems in order to build more efficient and strategic human resource management system. In this paper, time and attendance, access control management system was developed using multi camera for 2D and 3D face recognition technology-based for efficient enterprise human resource management. We had an issue with existing 2D-style face-recognition technology for lighting and the attitude, and got more than 90% recognition rate against the poor readability. In addition, 3D face recognition has computational complexities, so we could improve hybrid video recognition and the speed using 3D and 2D in parallel.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-145
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• 2016

This paper analyzed and compared the service level and satisfaction of the sidewalks in collector roads from 6 different location, which has a lot of volume of pedestrians. For the study, it performed an investigation of road geometry, flow, research about satisfaction of walking and video recording. Based on this data, this study computed the service level of the sidewalks and pedestrian satisfaction. This study made a sense of correlation between service level and satisfaction. Also it focused on factors influencing on the effectiveness of satisfaction. This study also analyzed the change of walking behavior chracteristics according to the change of the level of satisfaction. This study adopted Multi-Modal Level of Service(MMLOS) method, because it could consider more factors. This study reached the conclusion that MMLOS method cannot completely reflect the level of pedestrian satisfaction. We have to consider more factors than in the current system for use in the development of sidewalk design. The result of this study is expected to reflect the pedestrian satisfaction in future sidewalks design.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.204-214
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• 2015

Depth map upsampling is an approach to increase the spatial resolution of depth maps obtained from a depth camera. Depth map quality is closely related to 3D perception of stereoscopic image, multi-view image and holography. In general, the performance of upsampled depth map is evaluated by PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio). On the other hand, time-consuming 3D subjective tests requiring human subjects are carried out for examining the 3D perception as well as visual fatigue for 3D contents. Therefore, if an objective metric is closely correlated with a subjective test, the latter can be replaced by the objective metric. For this, this paper proposes a best metric by investigating the relationship between diverse objective metrics and 3D subjective tests. Diverse reference and no-reference metrics are adopted to evaluate the performance of upsampled depth maps. The subjective test is performed based on DSCQS test. From the utilization and analysis of three kinds of correlations, we validated that SSIM and Edge-PSNR can replace the subjective test.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.421-431
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• 2002

C-shaped canal configuration is very difficult to treat because that clues about preoperative canal anatomy cannot be ascertained from clinical crown morphology and limited information can be derived from radiographic examination. This study was done to get more informations about the root and canal configuration of C-shape root by 3-dimensionally reconstructing for the purpose of enhancing success rate of endodontic treatment. 30 mandibular molars with C-shaped root were selected. Six photo images from occlusal, apical, mesial, distal, buccal, lingual directions and radiographic view were taken as preoperative ones to compare them with 3-D image. After crown reduction to the level of 1-2mm over pulpal floor was performed, teeth were stored in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for the removal of pulp tissue and debris. They were cleaned under running water, allowed to bench dry and embedded in a self-curing resin. This resin block was serially ground with a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) and the image of each level was recorded by digital camera (FinePix S1-pro, Fuji Co., Japan). The thickness of each section was 0.25mm. Photographs of serial sections through all root canal were digitized using Adobe Photoshop 5.0 and then minimum thickness of open and closed sites were measured (open site is the surface containing occluso-apical groove closed site is oppsite). After dizitization using 3-D Doctor (Able software Corp, USA). 3D reconstruction of the outer surface of tooth and the inner surface of pulp space was made. Canal classsification of C-shaped roots was performed from this 3-D reconstructed image. The results were as follows : 1. Most C-shape rooted teeth showed lingual groove (28/30). 2 According to Vertuccis' calssification, type I, II, III, IV, VII were observed. but also new canal types suck as 2-3-2, 1-2-3-2. 2-3-2-1, 2-3-2-3 were shown. 3 There was little difference in minimum thickness on coronal and apical portions, but open site were thinner than closed site on mid portion. Conclusively, 3D reconstruction method could make the exact configurations of C-shape root possible to be visualized and analyzed from multi-directions. Data from minimum thickness recommend cleaning and shaping be more carefully done on dangerous mid portion.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.68.1-68.1
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• 2013

Infrared Medium-Deep Survey is a near-infrared imaging survey geared toward understanding the formation and the evolution of quasars and galaxies at high redshift, and studying transient and time-variable objects such as gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, and young stellar objects. The survey uses a multi-tier structure, with deep imaging survey of 100 $deg^2$ using UKIRT to the depth of 23 AB mag, and a shallower imaging of interesting sources using the CQUEAN camera on the 2.1m telescope at McDonald observatory. This talk will give an overview of the survey strategy, the instrument development, and science highlights. The science highlights will include the discovery of high redshift quasars, high redshift galaxy clusters, GRBs, and other interesting sources. At the end of the talk, we will also present the future prospects of our study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.43-43
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• 2003

목적 : 남, 여 ADHD 환자에서 뇌 혈류상태의 차이점을 알아보기 위하여, 다른 정신과적 질환이 없는 ADHD 환자의 SPECT 뇌혈류 영상에 대하여 SPM을 통한 뇌 혈류상태의 차이점을 비교분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 남자 ADHD 환자군 51 명 (4-11세, 평균 9.0세)과 정상군 8명(6-17세, 평균, 9.6세) 그리고, 여자 ADHD 환자군 13명(6-12세 평균 9.0세)과 정상군 4 명(6-12세 평균 9.0세)의 SPECT영상을 비교분석하였다. 방사성의약품 $^{99m}$ Tc-ECD 0.33mCi/kg을 환자의 정맥내에 주사하고 30분후 잠을 재운상태에서 Multi SPECT3 camera를 이용하여 영상을 기록하였다. Matlab을 이용한 SPM program에서 남여별 ADHD환자의 뇌혈류지도 영상을 비교하였으며, BOLD(blood oxygenation level dependent effect) data plotting을 이용하여 혈류증가율과 감소율을 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 남자 ADHD환자군의 혈류증가부위의 경우, P<0.02 에서 대상회전 (cingulate gyrus)이 나타나 P<0.05까지 한 부위에서만 나타났으며, 정상군에 비하여 15.61%의 혈류증가율을 나타내었다. 혈류감소부위로는 P<0.004에서 좌측 대뇌 도이랑 (insula gyrus), P<0.005에서 우측 대뇌 측두엽이랑, P<0.007에서는 우측 대뇌 전두엽아래이랑에서 각각 감소되었으며 P<0.01에서는 좌측 대뇌 전두엽 아래이랑에서도 나타났다. ADHD 환자군은 정상군에 비하여 각각의 클러스터에서 평균 14.97-15.28%의 혈류 감소율을 보였다. 뇌 혈류의 증가율과 감소율은 유의 수준변화에 영향을 받지 않았다. 2) 여자 ADHD환자의 혈류증가의 경우 P<0.003에서 소뇌 후엽 중앙부위, P<0.005에서는 좌측 대뇌 변연엽, P<0.009에서는 좌측 대뇌 측두엽 그리고 P<0.02에서는 소뇌 후엽을 비롯하여 9개부분에서 혈류증가 클러스터가 나타났으며, ADHD환자군은 정상군에 비하여 24.68-31.25%의 혈류증가율을 나타내었다. 혈류감소를 나타낸 부위로는 P<0.001에서 좌측 대뇌의 렌즈핵(lentiform nucleus), P<0.003에서 우측 대뇌의 렌즈핵 그리고 P<0.005에서 P<0.01까지 좌측 대뇌 측두엽중심에서 나타났다. 각각의 클러스터에서 평균 혈류감소율은 30.57-30.84%이었다. 결론 : 남여ADHD 환자의 혈류 증가와 감소부위는 서로 일치하지 않았으며 여자의 경우 혈류 증가와 감소율이 남자보다 더 크게 나타나, ADHD환자의 SPECT를 이용한 분석에서 남여환자를 동시에 분석하는 것 보다는 남여환자를 구분하여 실시하는 것이 더욱 정확한 진단정보를 제공할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

Sports scene is characterized by large amount of global motion due to pan and zoom of camera motion, and includes many small objects moving independently. Some short period of sports games is thrilling to televiewers, and important to producers. At the same time that kinds of scenes exhibit exceptionally dynamic motions and it is very difficult to analyze the motions with conventional algorithms. In this thesis, several algorithms are proposed for global motion analysis on these dynamic scenes. It is shown that proposed algorithms worked well for motion compensation and panorama synthesis. When cascading the inter frame motions, accumulated errors are unavoidable. In order to minimize these errors, interpolation method of motion vectors is introduced. Affined transform or perspective projection transform is regarded as a square matrix, which can be factorized into small amount of motion vectors. To solve factorization problem, we preposed the adaptation of Newton Raphson method into vector and matrix form, which is also computationally efficient. Combining multi frame motion estimation and the corresponding interpolation in hierarchical manner enhancement algorithm of motion parameters is proposed, which is suitable for motion compensation and panorama synthesis. The proposed algorithms are suitable for special effect rendering for broadcast system, video indexing, tracking in complex scenes, and other fields requiring global motion estimation.