• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of black polyethylene film mulching and soil conditioners on the growth, yield, and flavonoids biosynthesis of mungbeans. The seedling stand rate, plant height, and pods per plant were 98%, 61 cm, and 15.1, respectively, when the mungbean grown black polyethylene film mulches. They were greater than these results when the without mulches was applied by 13%, 9 cm, and 1.8, respectively. Mungbean grown with black polyethylene film mulches ($243\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) exhibited 38% more seed yield than without mulches ($176\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). However, no significant difference in contents of vitexin and isovitexin of mungbeans between with black polyethylene film mulches and without mulches was observed. Among soil conditioners, standard fertilizer+oil cake and standard fertilizer+mineral powders increased number of pods. The standard fertilizer+oil cake showed the highest seed yield (119%) of mungbean when it mixed with standard fertilizers, and followed by mineral powders (115%). The mixed combinations of oil cake or mineral powders also seem to have affected the biosynthesis of vitexin and isovitexin, whose content in mungbeans was significantly more.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-63
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• 2005

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1027-1031
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• 2001

반려동물(Pets)들은 캔디(Candies), 케이크(Cakes), 쿠키(Cookies), 땅콩이 박힌 초코렛과자(Brownies), 빵재료(예 : 초코렛 칩스, 분말 코코아)와 카카오 원두 덮개(Cacao beans mulches)들을 포함, 광범위하고 다양한 초코렛과 코코아 제품들에 노출되어 질 수가 있다. 놀랄것도 없이, 반려동물들에서의 대부분의 사고발생적인 초코렛에의 노출들은 공휴일들 즉, 특히 발렌타이데이(Valentine's day), 부활절(Easter), 만성제전야제(핼로윈축제, Halloween) 및 성탄절에 발생한다. 카카오콩깍지 덮개(cocoa bean hull mulches)들은 많은 개들에게 매력적이고 그것들을 파헤쳐질때 섭취되어질 수가 있다. 이러한 개들의 무차별성 습관때문에 고양이보다 훨씬 더 영향을 끼치고 있는게 일반적이다. 초코렛속에 독성화합물들은 메칠크산틴(Methylxanthines)과 특히 디오브로민(Theobromine)과 카페인(Caffeine)이다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.466-470
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of organic mulches on the tree and fruit qualities of "Niitaka" (Pyrus pyriforia) pear trees. Trees grown with rice straw mulch had significantly greater potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves compared with control trees and those mulched using bark or polyethylene, but the concentrations were below the recommended levels for these nutrients in pear leaves. Bark mulch increased fruit firmness and soluble solid (SS) levels, compared with rice straw mulch. The fruit of trees grown with bark mulch had a higher ratio of SS to total acidity in fresh fruit, and the fruit was dark red in color. The K and Ca concentrations were highest in fruit grown on trees mulched with rice straw and bark, respectively, and competition between the levels of these cations was evident in fresh fruit. Bark and rice straw mulches increased overall fruit quality, and reduced fruit stone size, whereas a polyethylene mulch, devoid of organic material, resulted in a fruit stone size similar to that of the control.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 1999

This study was carried out to examine the effect of polyethylene film color and removing time of the mulching film in yacon (Polymnia sonchiiolia Poepp. & Endl.). The plant height on nonmulching was smaller about 10 cm or larger with 112cm than on other mulches ranged with $134{\sim}139$ cm at harvesting, and other characters examined were similar to that of plant height. The weight of tuberous root per plant was heavier on mulches ranged with $0.79{\sim}0.91$ kg than on non-mulching with 0.61 kg. Among the kind of mulches, plant height was the tallest with 139 cm in combination and declined in order of transparent, green and black polyethylene films. Yields among colored polyethylene films were the heaviest with 0.91 kg per plant in combination, 0.88 kg in black and 0.84 kg in green. In growth and yield full mulching untill harvesting was more effective than the other removed mulching treatments. It was effected on growth promotion at early growth stage, soil temperature and water preservation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.511-514
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• 2012

Polyethylene mulches have been used for weed control in vegetable production in Korea. One of the additional benefits associated with polyethylene mulches is soil warming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of colored mulches on soil temperature change and Chinese cabbage yield. Mulch treatments were green (GV), black (BV), transparent (TV), and non-mulched (NM) soil. The highest soil-warming effect occurred under green mulch, and the lowest effect was found under black mulch. Daily mean values of soil temperature (10 cm depth) under GV were $2^{\circ}C$ higher than in NM soil. At midday (16:00), mean soil temperature was higher by $3.9^{\circ}C$ in GV, $3.1^{\circ}C$ in BV, and $2.1^{\circ}C$ in TV as compared to NM soil. At night (20:00-06:00), there was no significant difference in soil temperature among the treatments of different colored mulch, but soils in the mulch treatments were $2.4^{\circ}C$ higher as compared to NM soil. As compared with NM, the yield of Chinese cabbage under GV, BV, and TV were higher by 6.0, 26.0, and 12.0%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.414-418
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Plastic mulches widely used in raised-bed culture mainly to conserve water, control weeds and raise soil temperature. The most widely used plastic mulch colour is black. Reflective red and far-red light can affect on growth and yield of various vegetable crops. Objectives of this study were to investigate the characteristics of reflective light of black and red plastic mulches, and to evaluate the reflective red and far-red light on the quality characteristics and yield of the Oriental melon (Cucumis. Melo L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). METHODS AND RESULTS: Oriental melon and tomato were cultivated over the reflective red and black plastic mulches in plastic house. Reflected red and far-red light over the red plastic mulch were 2.6 times higher than those of black plastic mulch. Red to F-Red ratio of black plastic mulch, red plastic mulch and sunlight were 1.14, 0.93 and 1.16 respectively. Intensity of reflected red and far-red light over red plastic mulch were highest at surface height of 30 cm. The higher the height of the surface decrease the intensity of far-red light. Accordingly, Red to F-Red ratio were increased. Reflective red plastic mulch increased the weight of fruit and content of sugar in Oriental melon and tomato. CONCLUSION(s): Yield of Oriental melon over reflective red plastic mulch was higher than that of black plastic mulch. These results suggested that reflected red and far-red light over the red plastic mulch affected allocation of photosynthate in growing Oriental melon.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.53-54
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• 2012

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 2003

Normal seed tubers and plug seedlings raised from stem cutting and mini-tubers ($10\pm3$ g) were planted or transplanted on August 20,2001 in bare soil or under transparent and black polyethylene film mulches to evaluate the effects of mulch material and seedling type on the growth and tuber yield of fall-grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima) in Jeju region. Total tuber number per plant was 4.6 regardless of mulch treatment, and direct planting seed potatoes resulted in the greatest tubers (5.14)/plant and followed by transplanting seedlings raised from cutting and mini-tubers (4.15 and 5.15 tubers/plant). Transparent and black polyethylene film mulches increased total tuber yield by 16 and 8%, respectively, and average tuber weight by 14 and 12%, respectively, compared with no mulch (21.16 t/ha and 72.2 g/tuber). Transplanting plug seedlings raised from cutting resulted in the greatest tuber yield, followed by transplanting plug seedlings raised from mini-tubers and direct planting seed potatoes.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2010

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizers and mulches on the growth and $CO_2$ assimilation in MM.106 apple trees. Growth and $CO_2$ assimilation of MM.106 apple trees grown in a greenhouse were affected by the nutrient concentrations and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratio in the raw materials of organic fertilizers and mulches. The optimum C:N ratios, which makes microorganism convert the organic N into the inorganic N, were obtained in the organic fertilizer, poultry litter, green compost, and grass clippings, resulting in increasing single shoot height, SPAD, and $CO_2$ assimilation. The SPAD and $CO_2$ assimilation were affected by the treatments 5 weeks after the treatments, and then the tree growth was affected by the treatments 6 weeks later. The most efficient tree growth and development were observed in the 10 to $15\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ of the inorganic N in a soil, and the N was strongly related to the tree growth and development.