• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.117-149
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• 2004

The paper is to argue against the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis of Old English, according to which finite verbs invariably undergo movement into a clause-final T within subordinate clauses and reach the functional head C within main clauses. The asymmetric CP-V2 analysis, first of all, faces difficulty in explaining a wide range of post-verbal elements within subordinate clauses. To resolve the problem, the analysis has to abandon the obligatoriness of V-to-T movement or introduce various types of extraposition whose status is dubious as a legitimate syntactic operation. Obligatory V-to-T movement in Old English lacks conceptual justification as well. Crosslinguistic evidence reveals that morphological richness in verbal inflection cannot entail overt verb movement. Moreover, the operation is always string-vacuous under the asymmetric CP- V2 analysis and has no effect at the interfaces, in violation of the principle of economy. The distribution of Old English finite verbs in main clauses also undermines the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis. Conceptually speaking, a proper syntactic trigger cannot be confirmed to motivate obligatory verb movement to C. The operation not only gets little support from nominative Case marking, the distribution of expletives, or complementizer agreement but also requires the unconvincing stipulation that expletives as well as sentence-initial subjects result from string-vacuous topicalization. Finally, textual evidence testifies that Old English sometimes permits non-V2 ordering patterns, many of which remain unexplained under the asymmetric CP-V2 analysis.

• 중국학논총
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• 제61호
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• pp.19-47
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• 2019

In modern Chinese, 'Qu去' is mainly used as a verb in the meaning of 'go', and 'Wang往' is used as a preposition to indicate the direction of movement in the meaning of 'toward'. Historically, both 'Qu去' and 'Wang往' have been mainly used as moving verbs. We also pay attention to their common feature that they were used as noun, adjective and preposition, and the other feature that 'Qu去' and 'Lai来', 'Wang往' and 'Lai来' were used as typical antonyms each other. Based on the research results of the existing scholars, this study examined the part of speech, the meaning and usage in connection with the appearance of 'Qu去' and 'Wang往' in Tang-Song Dynasty. Chapter II examined usage of 'Qu去' and 'Wang往' prior to Tang-Song Dynasty, and Chapter III looked into the use of 'Qu去' and 'Wang往' in Tang-Song Dynasty by analyzing actual example sentences.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2020

영어의 분리부정사구문을 통시적 연구인 문법화의 관점에서 중세영어이후 출현 동기를 살펴보고 COHA, COCA와 같은 코퍼스에 기반하여 주로 미국영어에 나타나는 현재영어(PDE)의 분리부정사의 정당성을 논의하는 것이 연구의 목표이다. 중세영어 이전에는 비문법적이었던 부정사 첨사인 to와 원형동사 사이에 부사 등이 위치하는 [to + 부사 + 동사] 형태의 분리부정사가 어떻게 현재영어에서는 문법적 구문이 되었는지에 대한 출현 동기와 정당성을 살펴본다. 문법화와 코퍼스의 실증적 자료에 기초하여 분리부정사구문의 문법성을 입증하고 영어 분리부정사구문의 출현에 관한 통시적 분석인 문법화 과정을 그 증거로 제시한다. 분리부정사가 왜 만들어지는가의 질문에 대한 답으로 동사이동의 소멸이라는 통시적 문법화를 들 수 있다. 코퍼스 자료에 기초한 통사·화용적인 이유는 표현의 명확성 즉, 탈중의성을 위한 것이거나 분리자인 부사를 통해 인상적인 강조를 하기 위한 것이다. 결론적으로 부사가 to와 원형동사를 분리할 것인가 말 것인가의 문제는 더 이상 문법적 논의의 대상이 아니며 앞으로도 분리부정사의 형태는 자연스러운 문법적 구문으로 문맥상 필요한 경우 더욱 증가하는 추세를 보일 것이다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2011

These days, Emotional Design is on the sustainable development through activity study thogh, until now, the study proceed too far with Sensibility Ergonomics applied to SD. However, on this paper, the study would be make progress through GSD that it applied to Verb. For this reason, applied to Emotional Design consideration of theory through JOAN MEYERS-LEVY's papaer titled "The Influence of Ceiling Height", Laban Movement Analysis and Aspect of Semiotics and then judgement of GSD would be make progress through experiment to collection of Emotional Vocabularies and evaluation of body movement. There is a method of analysis by using statistical program such as SPSS 18.0 and it would have validity of analysis. Here is a result of this study. According to heights of ceiling types(2.4M, 3.0M) there are differences between behavior of Figure Attachment, Emotional Vocabularies of the event and Body Movement. While the Figure Attachment has a tendency to restricted scope, CH has a tendency to make attachment within the scope. You could see the Negative Adjective for Emotional Vocabularies at CL and the Positive Adjective ranges at the CH. Basic body movement for passive, 'moving' and 'stretching' as shown at CL more than the CH. For active movement which has purpose, 'moving the weight' and 'stretching' as shown at CH more than at CL.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

In accounting for the so-called copy raising (CR) in English, the movement perspective has assumed that the embedded subject of the CR verb's sentential complement is raised to the matrix subject, leaving behind its pronominal copy. This kind of movement-based analysis raises both empirical and analytical issues, when considering variations in the pronominal copy constraint. This paper investigates the actual uses of the construction, using online-available corpora. Based on this corpus search, we classify two different types of copy raising predicates (genuine and perception), and discuss their grammatical properties in detail. We suggest that the simple copying rule couched upon movement operations is not enough to capture great variations in the uses of the construction, and show that interpretive constraints, e.g., perceptual characterization condition, play an important role in licensing the construction.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.97-111
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• 1999

This paper examines Case alternation within DP. Four previous accounts dealing with Case alternation within DP will be critically examined. We conclude that a phenomenon looking like Case alternation within Korean DPs is not an instance of Case alternation. We argue that the genitive subject within such DPs is actually in the Spec position of a Small Clause, which involves a verb movement into what is now called vP. From a cross-linguistic point of view, this analysis supports Harley & Noyer's(1997) argument that Gerunds are instances of Small Clauses.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2002년도 Language, Information, and Computation Proceedings of The 16th Pacific Asia Conference
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• pp.205-216
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• 2002

ECM across a CP in Korean poses difficulties from the standpoint of the locality of A-movement/agreement. A phase-based analysis is developed which requires two steps: (i) in the embedded CP, VP/VP containing its VP-internal subject first moves to Spec-CP, which renders the subject accessible to the matrix v, in accordance with Chomsky's Phase Impenetrability Condition; (ii) ECM takes place in a local relation between the matrix v and the embedded subject. It is shown that the otherwise puzzling fact that ECM across a CP, but not Passivization across a CP, is affected by the type of the embedded verb in Korean is accounted for in a principled way, based on the assumption that CP and CP, but not TP and VP, are phases.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-103
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• 2007

This paper reanalyzes examples with missing verbs. Northern Mandarin rejects argument nominal phrases after a silent verb, as well as silent verbs inside islands. These restrictions suggest a grammatical process which silences verbs. I propose that these restrictions are the result of VP-topicalization followed by ellipsis. This analysis accounts for the island sensitivity of these constructions: since VP-topicalization feeds ellipsis, constructions with elided VPs are not derivable from configurations where movement is impossible. Also, to avoid topicalization along with the VP, the argument must move out of VP; the subsequent topicalization of the VP containing the argument's trace would then give rise to a configuration where that trace c-commands the moved-out DP. Adjuncts do not pose a problem because they are located outside of that smallest VP-shell. The data presented here are accommodated by neither of Tang's (2001) proposals for silent verbs (gapping and empty verbs). Instead, they provide support for a third source for silent verbs, VP-ellipsis via topicalization.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.33-52
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• 2014

This paper proposes a unified structural account of some instances of the English Modals and Semi-auxiliaries. The classification and the syntactic/structural description of the English Modal auxiliary verbs and verb-related elements have long been the center for many proposals in the history of generative syntax. According to van Gelderen (1993) and Lightfoot (2002), it was sometime around 1380 that the Tense-node (T) appeared in the phrasal structures of the English language, and the T-node is under which the English Modal auxiliaries occupy. Closely related is the existing evidence that English Modals were used as main verbs up to the early sixteenth century (Lightfoot 1991, Han 2000). This paper argues for a bi-clausal approach to English Modal auxiliaries with the infinitival particle 'to' such as 'ought to' 'used to' and 'dare (to)' 'need (to)', etc. and Semi-auxiliaries including 'be to' and 'have to'. More specifically, 'ought' in 'ought to' constructions, for instance, undergoes V-to-T movement within the matrix clause, just like 'HAVEAux' and all instances of 'BE', whereas 'to' occupies the T position of the embedded complement clause. By proposing the bi-clausal account, Radford's (2004, 2009) problems can be solved. Further, the historical motivation for the account takes a stance along with Norde (2009) and Brinton & Traugott (2005) in that Radford's (2004, 2009) syncretization of the two positions of the infinitival particle 'to' is no different from the 'boundary loss' in the process of Grammariticalization. This line of argument supports Krug's (2011), and in turn Bolinger's(1980) generalization on Auxiliaryhood, while providing a novel insight into Head movement of V-to-T in Present Day English.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

Emotional interest in the 1970s, Japan started from the technical and engineering beyond the scope, period late structuralist entering the world has been the subject of interest, as well as in academic research is becoming the main theory. In addition, communication between various disciplines such as humanities through the study of consilience and fusion, the human life to continue as a subject, its importance has risen. So this study are to design for the study of emotion through the human heart in space and how the expression of emotions and can be validated in a study. GSD to evaluate the action (verb) and emotional words (adjective) related to two variables to measure the degree of correlation coefficient was an experiment to find out. Picasso painting, it is 'difficult to understand', 'special', 'interesting', 'not interested', 'confused', 'fun', 'anxious', 'dark', 'cool', 'hard' to have relevance, such as the distribution of emotional words, and as a result of the move was a lot of work. This result can be obtained through the arcane resistance of the cubist paintings that make a lot of body movements. In Renoir painting 'stable', 'warm', 'soft', 'easy to understand', 'bright', 'boring', 'curious', such as emotional words ranged to have a relationship with this behavior is less motion in space. This result can be obtained through the understanding of the Impressionist paintings that are less body movements. As a result, space design, emotional design in the evaluation (GSD) for the empirical analysis that evaluated the feasibility and future of the emotional space of the design could be based in the area is considered.