• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-124
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to identify how child's gender, temperament, mother's stress and their interactions predict parenting behavior. The subjects were 97 2-year-olds(47boys; 50girls) and their mothers. Data were gathered by questionnaires. Results of a series of hierarchical regression analyses showed combinations of variables that predicted parenting behaviors : (1) mothers reported higher over-protectiveness toward girls and when they were under higher stress. (2) An interaction effect showed that mothers with sons who had higher 'difficult' temperaments reported greater over-protective parenting under greater stress. (3) There were no significant differences in over-protective parenting under low stress, regardless of the level of difficult temperament. (4) Mother's stress was a strong predictor of supportive parenting behaviors.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.229-233
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• 2011

In the pediatric literature, excessive crying has been reported solely in association with 3-month colic and is described, if at all, as unexplained crying and fussing during the first 3 months of life. The bouts of crying are generally thought to be triggered by abdominal colic (over-inflation of the still immature gastrointestinal tract), and treatment is prescribed accordingly. According to this line of reasoning, excessive crying is harmless and resolves by the end of the third month without long-term consequences. However, there is evidence that it may cause tremendous distress in the mother-infant relationship, and can lead to disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation at the toddler stage (such as sleep and feeding disorders, chronic fussiness, excessive clinginess, and temper tantrums). Early treatment of excessive crying focuses on parent-infant communication, and parent-infant interaction in the context of soothing and settling the infant to sleep is a promising approach that may prevent later behavioral and emotional disorders in infancy.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop a scale of maternal conflict based on already established scales and the literature review. The major purpose of this study was to develop a scale of which contains difficulties which mother can feel to rearing her child and can be applied to mothers at home or employed mothers. 68 items were developed. For content validity test, the items were examined by 7 experts panel with Likert 4 scale. The 39 items were selected as high validity from 86% of the experts. The item number of each area and the misunderstanding words were corrected by advices of experts. 10 mothers again examined 39 items in order to correct the misunderstanding words and the long sentences. For reliability and factor analysis of 39 items, 496 mothers participated. 34 items were chosen because 5 items that corrected item-total correlation coefficient were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of reliability analysis. Factor analysis was done with 34items. 6 factors were classified higher than eigen value 1.0, 28 items were chosen because 6 items that factor loadings were lower than 0.4 were excluded. These factors were named as employment and caring for child(6 items), child education(5 items), support system for caring for child(4 items), interaction with mother and child(4 items), view of maternal role(5 items) and me as human being(4 items). Reliability analysis was done with 28 items. 1 item(36 number of factor 1) was excluded because corrected item-total correlation coefficient were lower than 0.2. Therefore, 27 items were chosen. Maternal Conflict Scale was contained 27 items. The corrected item-total correlation coefficient of 27 items were ranged from .2345 to .5240 and Cronbach alpha coefficient of those was .8207 by the results of reliability analysis. It can be evaluated that this scale had a high validity and reliability because of passing through an objective process of test.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present information about effective parent education method by examining effects of parenting education program on emotional coaching, parenting efficacy, parenting attitude and emotional expression. For this purpose, 43 parents who have a toddler who is financed in H daycare center and Y daycare center in G city of Jeonbuk were selected as research subjects. Among them, twenty - two mothers of infants who are financially supported by H day care center were selected as experiment group and they conducted a total of 8 cycles of emotional coaching parent education program for 120 minutes per week and once a week. For the analysis of collected data, ANCOVA was performed using SPSS 18.0 program. The results were as follows. The parenting program of emotional coaching positively affects mother 's parenting efficacy, parenting attitude and emotional expressiveness. The results of this study can be used as basic data of parent education method which helps the desirable interaction with infant through more specific steps through emotional coaching to parents with toddlers.