• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5621-5624
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• 2013

Mucosal head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop in the upper-aero digestive epithelium. Together they constitute the sixth most common cancer with an estimated 900,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths each year reported worldwide. The risk factors are tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus (HPV). Our research team initially reported a high incidence rate of HNC in the indigenous population of the Northern Territory. Mortality rates also vary in the Australian States and Territories, with particularly high mortality observed in the Northern Territory. There is a paucity of incidence studies of HNC for the Australian States and Territories. Therefore this review primarily focuses on variation in incidence and mortality iacross the country and highlights specifically the high incidence and mortality in the Northern Territory. Attention is also given to sex-specific incidence and mortality rates.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.390-399
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between pesticide use and mortality, and cancer mortality which are recognized as health hazards of pesticides. Data were analyzed from a cohort of 6,066 people aged fifty-five or over and who have been residing in the main island of Kangwha county. Death certificates, computerized citizenship registers searches, and household interview survey lead to get more than ninety-seven percents follow-up rate for the first five year observation period. Important findings are as follows : 1. Age specific mortality rates of pesticide users are significantly lower than those of pesticides nonusers. The SMR of male is 0.80, and 0.58 for females respectively probably due to healthy worker effects. But, age specific cancer mortality rates are significantly higher than those of pesticide nonusers (SMR=1.59) in males. This finding is not observed in females (SMR=0.85), however. 2. Logistic regression analyses showed that self-reported health status, drinking, and smoking histories in male are significantly associated with total mortality rate. The histories of pesticide use are also calculated to be highly associated with cancer mortality as in univariate analyses in males. In female, self-reported health status, age of first delivery are found to be significantly related to total mortality rate. Only drinking history is calculated to be associated with cancer mortalities in females. Data from further observation of 'Kangwha cohort' and indepth analyses of these are highly expected.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2000

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the surgical results in patients undergoing operations for multiple for multiple valvular heart diseases. Material and method: From April 1982 to June 1997 multiple valve replacement was performed in 150 patients mitral and aortic valve replacement were done in 135 patients mitral and tricuspid valve replacements in 10 patients triple replacements in 4 patients and aortic and tricuspid valve replacement in 1 patient. Of the valves implanted 157 were St. Jude 104 Duromedics 20 Carpenter-Edwards 6 Bjork-Shiley 6 Ionescu-Shiley and 2 Medtronics. Result: The hospital mortality rate was 10.7% (16/150) and the late mortality rate was 7.2% (8/134) The mortality rate was high in early operative period but decreased with time. The causes of death were low cardiac output in 9 sudden death in 3 congestive heart failure in 3 bleeding in 2 cerebral thrombosis in 1 leukemia in 1 multiorgan failure in 1 and so on . The actuarial survival rate excluding operative death was 83.1% at 15 years. Conclusion: With a follow-up now extending to 15 years the multiple valve replacement continues to be reliable procedure with relatively low mortality and morbidity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1895-1899
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• 2012

Background and Aims: Liver cancer is a major health problem in low-resource countries. Approximately 55% of all liver cancer occurs in China. Hebei Province is one of the important covering nearly 6% of the population of China. The aim of this paper was to explore liver cancer mortality trends during past 30 years, and provide basic information on prevention strategies. Methods: Hebei was covered covered all the three national surveys during 1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005 and one provincial survey during 1984-1986. Subjects included all cases dying from liver cancer in Hebei Province. Liver cancer mortality trend and geographic differences across cities and counties were analyzed. Results: There were 82,878 deaths in Hebei Province during 2004-2005 with an average mortality rate was 600.9/10,000, and an age-adjusted rate of 552.3/10,000. Those dying of cancer were 18,424 cases, accounting for 22.2% of all deaths, second only to cerebrovascular disease as a cause of death. Cancer mortality was 133.6/100,000 (age-adjusted rate was 119.2/100,000). Liver cancer ranked fourth in this survey with a mortality rate of 21.0/100,000, 28.4/100,000 in males and 13.35/10,000 in females, accounting for 15.7%, 17.1% and 13.4% of the total number of cancer deaths and in males and females, respectively. The sex ratio was 2.13. Since the 1970s, liver cancer deaths of Hebei province have been increasing slightly. The crude mortality rates in the four surveys were 11.3, 16.0, 17.4, 21.0 per 100,000, respectively, with age-adjusted rates fluctuating during the past 30 years, but the trend also being upwards. There is a tendency for the mortality rates to be higher in coastal than mountain areas, and is relative lower in the plain area, with crude mortality rates of 25.3, 22.1, and 19.1 per 100,000, respectively. There were no notable differences in cride data between urban and rural, but the age-adjusted mortality rate in rural was much higher. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the mortality of liver cancer in Hebei Province is lower than the national average level. There is a slightly increase trend, especially in some counties. Liver cancer is a major health problem and it is necessary to further promote prevention strategies in Hebei province.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-65
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• 2018

우리나라의 경우 선진국에 비해 짧은 기간 동안 사망률 개선이 급속히 이루어짐에 따라 사망률 예측에 있어 모형의 선택뿐만 아니라 시계열 이용기간의 선정 또한 중요한 고려사항이 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시계열 이용기간의 선택 관점에서 회귀모형을 이용하는 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 Lee-Carter (LC) 모형, LC류 (Lee-Miller (LM), Booth-Maindonald-Smith (BMS)) 그리고 비모수 모형(functional data model (FDM), Coherent FDM)을 토대로 시계열 이용기간을 다르게 적용할 경우 어떠한 문제가 발생되며, 연령별 사망률과 기대수명 예측력에 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 살펴보았다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 5개의 모형별 2030년까지 남녀의 연령별 사망률과 예측기대수명을 작성하고 통계청(Korean Statistical Information Service; KOSIS)에서 제공하는 장래 연령별 사망률과 기대수명과 비교하였다.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.218-228
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• 2000

Background : Among 'structure', 'process' and 'outcome' approaches, outcome evaluation is considered as the most direct and best approach to assess the quality of health care providers. Risk-adjustment is an essential method to compare outcome across providers. This study has aims to judge performance of hospitals by severity adjusted mortality rates of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods : Medical records of 584 patients who got the CABG surgery in 6 general hospitals during 1996 and 1997 were reviewed by trained nurses. The MedisGroups was used to quantify severity of patients. The predictive probability of death was calculated for each patient in the sample from a multivariate logistic regression model including the severity score, age and sex. For evaluation of hospital performance, we calculated ratio of observed number to expected number of deaths and z score [(observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths)/square root of the variance in the number of deaths], and compared observed mortality rate with confidence interval of adjusted mortality rate for each hospital. Results : The overall in-hospital mortality was 7.0%, ranged from 2.7% to 15.7% by hospital. After severity adjustment the mortality by hospital was from 2.7% to 10.7%. One hospital with poor performance was distinctly divided from others with good performance. Conclusion : In conclusion, severity-adjusted mortality rate of CABG surgery might be applied as an indicator for hospital performance evaluation in Korea. But more pilot studies and improvement of methodologies has to be done to use it as quality indicator.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1990

1985년 4월 1일부터 1987년 3월 31일 사이에 경상북도 군위군에 거주하는 49세이하의 가임여성들과 1987년 3월 1일부터 1988년 2월 28일 사이에 경상남도 합천군에 거주하는 49세이하의 가임여성들 그리고 1985년 4월 1일부터 1987년 3월 31일 사이에 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에 분만을 위해 찾아온 모든 임산부들을 대상으로 이들에게서 태어난 출생아들을 두 군지역에서는 생후 1년간 그리고 모자보건센터에서 출생한 경우는 생후 27일간 추적하여 영아사망률과 신생아 사망률을 각각 조사하였다. 조사기간중에 군위군과 합천군에서 출생한 1,359명의 영아들 가운데 생후 1년 동안에 17명이 사망하여 농촌지역의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12.5이었다. 총 영아사망중 신생아사망이 82.4% 그리고 신생아 후기 사망이 17.6%를 차지하였다. 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에 내원한 산모들에게 태어난 6,001명의 출생아들 가운데 4,834명(80.6%)만이 생후 27일까지 추적되었는데 이들 중 36명이 사망하여 신생아 사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 7,4명이었다. 추적된 산모와 추적 안된 산모의 특성 및 신생아 체중을 비교한 결과 현저한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 신생아 후기 사망률의 비를 6 : 4로 가정했을 때 모자보건센터에서 출생한 영아의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12.3명으로 추정되었다. 군위군과 합천군의 영아사망률과 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에서 관찰된 신생아사망률, 영아사망의 사망시기별 분포와 영아사망원인 그리고 저체중아출생률을 고려할 때 1985년부터 1988년 사이의 한국의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12에서 15명일 것으로 추정되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.253-256
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• 2016

Geographic disparity for colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality according to the human development index (HDI) might be expected. This study aimed at quantifying the effect measure of association HDI and its components on the CRC incidence and mortality. In this ecological study, CRC incidence and mortality was obtained from GLOBOCAN, the global cancer project for 172 countries. Data were extracted about HDI 2013 for 169 countries from the World Bank report. Linear regression was constructed to measure effects of HDI and its components on CRC incidence and mortality. A positive trend between increasing HDI of countries and age-standardized rates per 100,000 of CRC incidence and mortality was observed. Among HDI components education was the strongest effect measure of association on CRC incidence and mortality, regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals) being 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) and 0.9 (0.8, 1), respectively. HDI and its components were positively related with CRC incidence and mortality and can be considered as targets for prevention and treatment intervention or tracking geographic disparities.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1992

Previous studies indicated that unmarried persons are subject to higher mortality than the married, and that the differentials are more marked for male than for females. There are two major approaches to explaining the marital status differentials in mortality ; selection function and protection function of marriage. Following protection fucntion, this study develops the new "instrumental / expressive sex-role" hypothesis in order to explain why marriage protects males more against death. The hypothesis expects that male's instrumental role and female's expressive role have direct effect as well as indirect effect through social integration on sex differential mortality by marital status. for the hypothesis testing, Korea and US vital statistics and census data are used to compute age-specific , age-adjusted mortality rates and their ratios for persons in different marital status. Major findings are as follows. 1)For both Korea and US being married is more advantageous to males than females, ad being widowed, divorced, and separated is more disadvantageous to males, while being never-married is more disadvantageous to females, 2) For Korea, the never married men and women have the highest mortality rates, 3) For US the never married women have the highest mortality rate, while the divorced, separated, and widowed men have the highest mortality rate. Fro both Korea and US data, selection function is rejected, but instrumental/expressive sex-role hypothesis succeeds in accounting for the sex and marital status differential in mortality.

• 한국인구학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.127-146
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• 2008

본 연구는 아프리카 국가들의 인구변천 유형과 특징을 검토하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 아프리카의 인구변천 유형을 제시하고 있다. 그 다음으로 아프리카 국가들의 출산력과 사망력이 지난 40년간 어떻게 변화되어 왔는지를 다양한 지표를 활용하여 검토하고 있다. 분석결과 출산력의 경우 아프리카 지역은 최근까지도 비교적 높은 출산율을 보여 인구변천의 제2단계에 돌입한 것으로 보인다. 이 지역은 또한 알제리, 리비아, 모로코 등 아프리카 북부 지역의 국가와 나머지 국가들이 인구변천 과정에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보인다. 사망력의 경우에도 국가별로 큰 차이를 보인다. 우선 영아사망율의 경우 리비아는 17로 가장 낮은 수준을 보이는 데 반해 말리와 소말리아는 각각 142와 133으로 매우 높은 수준임을 알 수 있다. 평균수명도 국가별로 큰 차이를 보인다. 리비아와 알제리가 각각 71.5와 70.5로 가장 높은 수준이며 르완다는 39.9세에 머물고 있는 실정이다. 또한 대부분의 아프리카의 평균수명은 낮은 수준에 있다. 아프리카의 평균수명이 낮은 것은 여러 가지 설명이 가능하나 최근에 크게 확산되고 있는 에이즈의 영향이 가장 클 것으로 판단된다. 사회경제지표와 사망력 및 출산력의 관계는 대부분 예상했던 방향으로 나타나고 있으나, 그 관계의 유의성은 시기에 따라 약간의 차이를 보이고 있다. 사회경제지표 중 문맹률은 영아사망율과 양의 관계를 보이고 있으나, 통계적 유의성은 시기에 따라 다르게 나타나고 있다. 도시화율이 출산력에 미치는 영향은 음의 관계를 보이고 있으며, 1970년을 제외하고는 통계적 유의성도 잘 드러나고 있다. 연구모형에서 중요한 매개변인으로 설정된 영아사망률은 출산력에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으며, 사회경제적 변인들이 영아사망률을 통하여 출산력에 미치는 간접적인 영향도 비교적 잘 드러나고 있다.