• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2005

Large eddy simulation of vortexing flow of molten steel in the continuous casting mold with and without DC magnetic field was conducted. The influence of the position of magnetic field to the residence time and depth of the vortex was analyzed. The mechanism of the influence of magnetic field to the vortexing flow was found. The computational results show that the vortexing flow is the result of shearing of the two un-symmetric surface flows from the mold narrow faces when they meet adjacent to the SEN; the un-symmetric flow for turbulent vortex is caused by turbulent energy of the fluid and that for biased vortex is caused by biased flow and the turbulent energy of fluid; with the moving of the magnetic field from the centerline of the outlet of the SEN to the free surface, the surface velocity is decreased gradually and the depth of the turbulent vortex and the biased vortex is decreased, the residence time is increased with the magnetic field moves from DL=120mm to DL=60mm and then decreased; the turbulent vortex and the biased vortex can be eliminated when the magnetic field is located at the free surface.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제5권8호
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• pp.923-931
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• 1999

In this paper, a modeling and a robust time-delay control for the reclaimer are investigated. Supplying the same amount of a raw material throughout the reclamation process from the raw yard to a sinter plant is important to keep the quality of the molten steel uniform in blast furnaces. As the actual parameter values of the reclaimer are not available, the boom rotational dynamics are modeled as a second order differential equation with unknown coefficients. The unknown parameters in the nominal model are estimated using a recursive estimation method. Another important factor in the control design of the reclaimer is the large time-delay in output measurement. Assuming a multiplicative uncertainty, that accounts for both the unstructured uncertainty neglected in the modeling and the structured uncertainty contained in the parameter estimation, a robust Smith predictor is designed. A robust stability criterion for the multiplicative uncertainty is also derived. Following the work of Goodwin et al. [4], a quantifying procedure of the multiplicative uncertainty bound, through experiments , is described. Experimental and simulation results are provided.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2010

According to the research report for the recent a few years, the dissimilar welding of Cu and STS 304 alloy have been presented that a weldability is very poor. This article present a study on Lap joint by Electron beam welding dissimilar materials. The weld metals was constituted between pure copper and STS 304 steel. The experiment was performed with 125mA welding current, 520mA focusing current. The Vacuum condition of chamber is 5${\times}$10-5torr and welding speed is 300mm/min. Showing the bead shape of weld metal, the thickness of the stainless 304 using as the protect materials is 3mm and the thickness of a copper is 15mm. The analysis about the microstructure were carried out in which it was observed with SEM. The results showed that complex heterogeneous fusion zone microstructure characterized both by rapid cooling and mixing of the molten metal, however the liquation crack was formated in the fusion line.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

In laser full penetration welding process, full penetration hole(FPH) is formed as a result of force balance between the vapor pressure and the surface tension of the surrounding molten metal. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model based on a conserved-mass level-set method is developed to simulate the transport phenomena during laser full penetration welding process, including full penetration keyhole dynamics. Ray trancing model is applied to simulate multi-reflection phenomena in the keyhole wall. The ghost fluid method and continuum method are used to deal with liquid/vapor interface and solid/liquid interface. The effects of processing parameters including laser power and scanning speed on the resultant full penetration hole diameter, laser energy distribution and energy absorption efficiency are studied. The model is validated against experimental results. The diameter of full penetration hole calculated by the simulation model agrees well with the coaxial images captured during laser welding of thin stainless steel plates. Numerical simulation results show that increase of laser power and decrease of welding speed can enlarge the full penetration hole, which decreases laser energy efficiency.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1983

The Wetting of fusion cast $Al_2O_3$ brick and $Al_2O_3 -ZrO_2$ brick by liquid Ag was studied by the sessile drop technique in Ar atmosphere. In this experiment the specimens were photographed per 2$0^{\circ}C$with increasing temperature from 96$0^{\circ}C$ melting point of Ag. And the method of photographing was carried out by shadow technique. The cosine of the contact angle increased linearly with increasing temperature in both systems. And the relation between the cosine of the contact angle and the temperature was Cos$\theta$=1.132+$0.75{\times}10^{-3}T$ for $Al_2O_3$ brick and Cos$\theta$=-1.706+$1.125{\times}10^{-3}T$ for $Al_2O_3 -ZrO_2$ brick In both systems the contact angle decreased as the surface of substrate became smoother. The work of adhesion which was 503.5ergs/$cm^2$ for $Al_2O_3$brick and 393.6 ergs/cm2 for $Al_2O_3 -ZrO_2$ brick at 96$0^{\circ}C$ increased parabolically with increasing temperature in both system.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 1998

This paper deals with the effect of laser welding parameters on the weld formation. Thin steels for automotive application were prepared so as to be welded with high power carbon dioxide laser system. Major process parameters were position of focus and travel speed. The effect of shielding gas was also discussed by employing the high speed photometry. Test results showed that the optimal position of focus varied in accordance with the joint configuration; bead-on-plate, butt or lap welding. It was recommended that the position of focus for the lap welding be located at slightly inner part of the material to be welded. In this case, however, it was noticeable that the weld penetration ratio, d/t$_{0}$ dropped drastically at the critical region. Results also demonstrated that both the bead width and penetration reduced as the travel speed increased. The penetration ratio showed two distinct regions; stabilized zone at the lower range of the travel spped and sudden drop zone at the higher range of travel speed. Lower limit of the penetration for acceptable weld was proved to be about 90% of the parent metal thickness based on the physical properties of the weld. Mixed gas application for both the shielding of molten metal and laser induced plasma control was recommended as far as the penetration was concerned.d.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2012

Laser welding by fiber laser accompanied by a lot of spatter and humping bead. This is because the deep and narrow keyhole usually form due to high beam quality. So the weld bead is formed defects, because the plasma jet with a high vapor pressure make the molten pool on keyhole wall scattered. For such a reason, unstable behavior of keyhole is difficult to monitor laser welding by using the laser induced plasma. Mostly, fiber laser welding of thick plates most be influenced by this effect. Therefore, fiber laser welding has been difficult to apply the sole. Thus, laser welding monitoring based on plasma measurements have much difficulty in measurements and analysis of signal. In this study, influence of the plasma emission signal according to welding speed and laser power in fiber laser welding analysed by using RMS and FFT analysis. We can verify that RMS value of the plasma emission signal changes with welding parameters in fiber laser welding, and aspect ratio greater than 1, the peak of FFT frequency had been moved in accordance with welding parameter.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2015

Porous metals are called as a new material of 21th century because they show not only extremely low density, but also novel physical, thermal, mechanical, electrical, and acoustic properties. Since the late in the 1990's, considerable progress has been made in the production technologies of many kinds of porous metals such as aluminum, titanium, nickel, copper, stainless steel, etc. The commercial applications of porous metals have been increased in the field of light weight structures, sound absorption, mechanical damping, bio-materials, thermal management for heat exchanger and heat sink. Especially, the porous metals are promising in automotive applications for light-weighting body sheets and various structural components due to the good relation between weight and stiffness. This paper reviews the recent progress of production techniques using molten metal bubbling, metal foaming, gas expansion, hollow sphere structure, unidirectional solidification, etc, which have been commercialized or under developing, and finally introduces several case studies on the potential applications of porous metals in the area of heat sink, automotive pannel, cathod for Ni-MH battery, golf putter and medical implant.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2021

The properties of materials which are widely used in industry fields like automobile, shipbuilding, casting, and electronics are strongly needed to have higher surface hardness, lower surface roughness, and higher compressive residual stress. As mentioned above, for the purpose of satisfying three factors, a variety of researches with respect to surface improvement have been actively studied and applied to every industry. SKD61 which is mostly used for die casting process of cold chamber method must meet a countless number of problems which are thermal, mechanical and chemical from highly specific working environment at high temperature over 600℃. Above all, in case of plunger sleeves used for die casting process, thermal fatigue has a bad effect on the surface of an inlet where molten metal is repeatedly injected. On account of it, plunger sleeves cause manufacturers to deteriorate quality of products. Therefore, in this paper, to improve the surface of an inlet of plunger sleeve, multilayer PVD coating using Ti, Cr and Mo is suggested. Furthermore, The surface characteristics such as surface roughness(Rsa, Rsq), surface hardness(HRB, HRC) and residual stress using XRD(X-ray diffractometer) of coated samples and specimens are studied and discussed.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2005

650$^{\circ}C$의 LiCl-Li$_{2}$O 용융염계에서 10 g U$_{3}$O$_{8}$/batch 규모의 장치를 이용해서 우라늄산화물의 전해환원 특성에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 일체형 음극은 고체전극, 우라늄산화물과 우라늄산화물을 담아주는 다공성 용기(멤브레인)로 구성된다. 멤브레인 재료로는 325-mesh 스테인레스강막과 다공성 마그네시아 도가니를 사용하였다. 일체형 음극의 재질에 따른 LiCl-3 wt$\%$ Li$_{2}$O계와 U$_{3}$O$_{8}$-LiCl-3 wt$\%$ Li$_{2}$O계의 순환 전압측정법 결과로부터 전해환원 반웅 메커니즘을 규명하였다. 일체형 음극의 재질에 따른 우라늄산화물의 직접 및 간접 전해환원에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 325-mesh스테인레스강막을 사용하여 직접 및 간접 전해환원으로 금속전환을 수행하였을 때 낮은 전류효율로 인해 우라늄산화물을 금속우라늄으로 환원시키지 못했으며, 마그네시아 다공성 도가니를 사용하여 간접 전해환원으로 금속전환을 수행하였을 때는 높은 전류효율로 인해 우라늄산화물을 금속우라늄으로 환원시킬 수 있었다