• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.326-334
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• 1996

We investigated the optimum conditions for conversion of water-insoluble components of basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum to water-soluble components by hydrolyzing with chitinase. We also tried it with Ganoderma luciclum residue remaining after extracting hot water-soluble components of Ganoderma lucidum. After hydrolyzing under optimum conditions (20 ppm chitinase, 2% Ganoderma lucidum or 6% Ganoderma lucidum residue, at pH 3 and at $ 35^{\circ}C$), the contents of total water-soluble components (polysaccharide or protein) were measured, and it was found that the contents of water-soluble components increased to 1.5-2.7 fold. Michaelis constant, $K_m$ and maximum rate, $V_max$ calculated by Lineweaver-Burk plot for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum were 1.75% and 0.02%/min respectively and those for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum residue were 53.15% and 0.53%/min respectively The protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated after hydrolysis and molecular weights were measured by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration and compared with the molecular weights of polysaccharide before hydrolysis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

This study was performed to find the atmospheric concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at four different heights (l0, 50, 150 and 1,500 cm) using low volume polyurethane foam (PUF) plug air sampler in semi-rural area. ${\alpha}-/{\beta}-/{\gamma}-HCH$ with low molecular weights and Koa (octanol-air partitioning coefficient) in OCPs were similarly high concentrations at all heights, but the other OCPs (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, Heptachlor epoxide, ${\gamma}$-CHL, ${\alpha}$-CHL, Trans-nonachlor) with high molecular weights and Koa decreased with increasing heights. However, the concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing height.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.277-282
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• 2001

The effects of chitosans with two different molecular weights (150 and 37 kDa) on the clarification of persimmon vinegar were investigated. The coagulated solids increased with increasing chitosan concentrations. Chitosan treatment had no effect on pH and acidity. Turbidity, browning, contents of tannin and soluble solids decreased with increasing chitosan concentrations. An increase in chitosan concentration resulted in an increase in color L* value and a decrease in a* and b* values. Reduction in turbidity and tannin contents somewhat differed depending on the molecular weights of chitosan. In sensory evaluation, chitosan treatment did not affect color and flavor over all concentrations tested. However, astringent taste was noticeably strong by treatment with 500mg/L chitosan, resulting in low overall acceptability. Therefore, the most effective clarification of persimmon vinegar was achieved by treatment with 400mg/L chitosan, irrespective of molecular weight.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.94-98
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• 1962

The polycondensates of isophthalic acid-cinnamic acid-glycerine system were synthesized. The molecular weights of these products were determined by two methods, viscosity method and osmotic pressure methods. In the synthesis of resin, the reaction temperature was kept at 232$^{\circ}C$ and the mole ratio of the reactants was chosen as follows: Glycerine ;1.0 Isophthalic acid ;1.0 Cinnamic acid ;2.8 Excessive cinnamic acid prevented gelation of reaction mixtures. As the solution became very dilute, reduced osmotic pressure P/C (at the concentration of solution below 0.24g/100 ml of acetone) and reduced viscosity ${\eta}_{sp}/C$ (at the concentration of solution below 0.32 g/100 ml of acetone) increased rapidly. The correspondence between molecular weights determined by the two methods made Huggin's equation applicable to the prepared polymer. The values of K and a are $2.77{\times}10^{-5}$ and 1.063, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

We study on the phase diagram of the polymer blend. For this purpose, one PS (polystyrene) and two PI(polyisoprene) were employed whose molecular weights were low enough to make the experimental determinations possible. The weight-average molecular weight(Mw) of PS was 2514, and Mws of two PIs were 2700. Interaction energy density (IED) of the Flory-Huggins lattice theory was defined as a function of temperature and composition, and the consequent equations for the binodal, and critical points were derived. By fitting the experimental binodal points to the derived binodal curve with a nonlinear regression method, the expression for the IED was determined. And the expression for the IED obtained from this study was compared with those reported in the literatures. Also were discussed the importance of accuracy in the expression the IED, and the IED's dependency on the temperature, composition and molecular weights.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.688-696
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• 2017

In this study, the physicochemical properties and anti-wrinkle effect of polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata were investigated. Crude polysaccharides were isolated by viscozyme treatment followed by ethanol precipitation and lyophilization. Crude polysaccharides were hydrolyzed by acid (0.1 N HCl) and the molecular weight fractions were generated by centrifugal filter (<10 kDa, 10 to 100 kDa, and 100 kDa>). The yield of polysaccharides with different molecular weight fractions was 8.4-39.6%. The major constituents in molecular weight fractions were total sugar (81.37-85.82%), uronic acid (27.89-32.85 g/100 g), sulfate (33.38-39.04%), and protein (0.35-3.16%) The L, a, and b value of the 100 kDa group were decreased, but viscosity increased. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the 100 kDa group at $180.07{\mu}M$ was the highest among groups. The protective effects of 100 kDa group at 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity in L132 cell were 87.34% and 103.85%, respectively. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity of 100 kDa group decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The pro-collagen synthesis activity of 100 kDa group at $0.05-0.5{\mu}g/mL$ was 64.91-77.80%. The polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata investigated herein are useful as a potential candidate for cosmedical materials.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2016

In this study, we examined the effects of various molecular weights (1, 10, 50, 100, 660, and 1500 kDa) of sodium hyaluronate (HA), which were prepared by enzyme hydrolysis, on the collagen synthesis, anti-inflammation and skin absorption. These HA did not significantly affect the viability of human dermal fibroblast Hs68 cells. Among them, 1500 kDa, 50 kDa HA most significantly increased collagen production by 59%, and 50% in the Hs 68 cells, respectively. Whereas 1500 and 660 kDa HA hardly pass through mouse transdermis membrane, lower molecular weights (1, 10, or 50 kDa) of HA showed time-dependent increase in skin permeation. HA of 50 kDa showed highest anti-inflammatory effects by reducing nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-${alpha}$ production in the RAW 264.7 cells, comparing to other HA (1, 10, and 100 kDa HA). Recently, there is no report about anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects and skin permeation of different molecular weights HA (1, 10, 50, 100, 660 and 1500 kDa), which were produced by enzyme hydrolysis. These results suggested that 50 kDa HA can be potent candidates for the development of effective anti-aging and anti-wrinkle cosmetic agents. The results of this study demonstrated that among those HA with different molecular weights, 50 kDa HA showed highest anti-inflammatory activity, significant capability to induce collagen synthesis and high level of skin permeation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1998

In the present study, we intended to investigate whether cationic polyamines including poly-L-Iysine (PLL) and poly-L-arginine (PLA) induce cytotoxicities to cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells. Confluent HTSE cells were chased for 30 min in the presence of PLL or PLA of different molecular weights. Possible cytotoxicities of PLL or PLA were assessed by measuring both Lactate Dehy- drogenase (LDH) release during treatment and the number of floating cells after treatment and by checking the possible changes on the morphology of HTSE cells during treatment. The results were as follows: in the case of treatment of PLL or rLA of which molecular weight is about 78,000 and 92,000, respectively, (1) there was significant release of LDH during treatment, (2) the number of floating cells were significantly increased after treatment and (3) there were significant changes on the morphology of cultured HTSE cells. However, in the case of PLL or PLA of which molecular weight is under 10,000 (about 9,600 and 8,900, respectively), no significant signs of cytotoxicities mentioned above were detected. We found that cationic polyamines might be non-toxic under specific range of molecular weights and suggest that the cytotoxicity of cationic polyamine might depend on the molecular sizes of each cationic polyamine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.770-780
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chitosan and NOCC from different sources and of different molecular weights on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were blocked into 26 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400 ppm in diet. Various chitosan and NOCC sources were given at the level of 0%(w/w) of diet. Total serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were little affected by chitosan and NOCC supplements. However, HDL-cholesterol concentration and HDL : total cholesterol ratio were increased , and liver lipid, cholesterol , and triglyceride concentration were decreased by chitosan and NOCC supplements. The cholesterol and lipid lowering activity depends on fiber sources(crab and shrimp); type (chitosan and NOCC); and molecular weight(low , medium , and high). Among cadmium-free groups, chitosan-fed groups showed greater activity than NOCC -fed groups in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels, and greater fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. Crab chitosans were more effective in cholesterol and lipid lowering activity than shrimp chitosans. The group fed high molecular weight crab chitosan showed the highest fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. This indicated that high molecular weight crab chitosan was most effective in interfering with cholesterol and lipid absorption.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

In order to investigate the preliminary repeat oral dose toxicity and to determine the highest dosage for further 4-week repeated dose toxicity test, Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan (LMF) has been showed various pharmacological effects, was orally administered to female and male rats, once a day for 14 days at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body weights) in a volume of 10 ml/kg. The mortality and changes on the body weights, clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry and gross observations were monitored with organ weight and histopathology of principle organs. As the results of 14-day repeated oral treatment of LMF, no LMF treatment related mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats, respectively. In addition, no noticeable changes on the body weight and clinical signs were detected except for significant decreases on the body weights and gains restricted to male 2,000 mg/kg treated groups as compared with male vehicle control. No meaningful changes on the organ weights, hematological, serum biochemistrical, gross and histopathological findings were observed. Therefore the highest dosage in the 4-week repeated dose toxicity test is suggested as 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats, respectively.