• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2006

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are characterized by being relatively heavier and denser than that of ambient air due to the various reasons such as higher molecular weight, low temperature and other complicated chemical transformations (Witlox, 1994). In an effort to investigate transport and diffusion from instantaneous emission of heavy gas, Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) coupled with the RAMS output was employed. Both deposition process and buoyancy term were added on the atmospheric diffusion equations of LPDM, and the locations and concentrations of dense gas particle released from instantaneous single point source (emitting initially for 10 minutes only) were analyzed. The result overall shows that adding deposition process and buoyancy terms on the diffusion equation of LPDM has very small but detectable effect on the vertical and horizontal distribution of Lagrangian particles that especially transported for a fairly long traveling time. Also the slumping of dense gas can be found to be ignored horizontally compared to the advection by the horizontal wind suggesting that it was essential to couple the Lagrangian particle dispersion model coupled with the RAMS model in order to explain the dispersion of HAPs more accurately. However, during the initial time of instantaneous emission, buoyancy term play an important role on the vertical locations of dense particles for near surface atmosphere and around source area, indicating the importance of densities of HAPs in the beginning stage or short duration for the risk assessment of HAPs or management of heavy vapors during the explosive accidents.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

In this study, we characterized the physical form of allergenic Cry j 1 in the urban atmosphere. Through an immunofluorescence antibody method, we showed that allergenic Cry j 1 exists as fine particles (${\leq}1.1{\mu}m$). To determine Cry j 1 concentrations and its particle size distribution, we used the ELISA method to confirm that most Cry j 1 exists as fine particles in the urban atmosphere and is found at high concentrations on fine day next to rainy day. Furthermore, we evaluated Cry j 1 denaturation by using the Biacore J system based on the surface plasmon resonence (SPR) principle and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We showed that the dissociation constant ($K_D$) of Cry j 1 that has been exposed to urban polluted air is lower ($1.76{\times}10^{-14}$ M) than that of Cry j 1 ($1.32{\times}10^{-9}-3.37{\times}10^{-9}$ M) of original pollen grains that has not been exposed to air pollutants. Cry j 1 turns into low molecular weight proteins by reacting with various acidic solutions. In sum, we showed that allergenic Cry j 1 exists as fine particles that can deposit in the lower respiratory tract. This finding clarifies the relationship between Japanese cedar pollinosis and air pollutants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1221-1225
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• 2005

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. Lots of studies in rodents and humans have shown that PPARs were involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. The main objective of this work was to detect the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in whole coding regions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-$\alpha$) and gamma (PPAR-$\gamma$) genes with approach of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) in the chicken population of Arber Acres broiler, Hyline layer and three Chinese native breeds (Shiqiza, Beijing You, Bai'r). Two SNPs of C1029T and C297T were found in chicken PPAR-$\alpha$ and PPAR-$\gamma$ genes respectively and each SNP found three genotypes in the experimental populations. The results showed that the distribution frequency of 3 genotypes in Arber Acres broiler, Hyline layer and Chinese native breeds had significant differences on the PPAR-$\alpha$ and PPAR-$\gamma$ gene respectively (p<0.01). Furthermore, in the PPAR-$\alpha$ gene, the results of least square estimation for genotypes and body composition traits showed the BB genotype birds had higher abdominal fat weight (AFW) and percentage of abdominal fat (AFP) than AA genotype birds (p<0.05). From these we conjecture the PPAR-$\alpha$ and PPAR-$\gamma$ genes were suffered intensive selection during the long term commercial breeding and the PPAR-$\alpha$ gene may be a major gene or linked to the major genes that impact chicken fat metabolism and the SNPs could be used in molecular assistant selection (MAS) as a genetic marker for the chicken fatness traits.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.179-182
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• 2013

Human cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is a well-conserved xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme expressed in liver, kidney, nasal mucosa, brain, lung, and other tissues. CYP2E1 is inducible by ethanol, acetone, and other low-molecular weight substrates and may mediate development of chemically-mediated cancers. CYP2E1 polymorphisms alter the transcriptional activity of the gene. This study was conducted in order to investigate the allele frequency variation in different populations of Andhra Pradesh. Two hundred and twelve subjects belonging to six populations were studied. Genotype and allele frequency were assessed through TaqMan allelic discrimination (rs6413419) and polymerase chain reaction-sequencing (-1295G>C and -1055C>T) after DNA isolation from peripheral leukocytes. The data were compared with other available world populations. The SNP rs6413419 is monomorphic in the present study, -1295G>C and -1055C>T are less polymorphic and followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the populations studied. The -1295G>C and -1055C>T frequencies were similar and acted as surrogates in all the populations. Analysis of HapMap populations data revealed no significant LD between these markers in all the populations. Low frequency of $CYP2E1^*c2$ could be useful in the understanding of south Indian population gene composition, alcohol metabolism, and alcoholic liver disease development. However, screening of additional populations and further association studies are necessary. The heterogeneity of Indian population as evidenced by the different distribution of $CYP2E1^*c2$ may help in understanding the population genetic and evolutionary aspects of this gene.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1879-1887
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• 2013

To investigate the level of genotoxicity over Bangkok atmosphere, $PM_{10}$ samples were collected at the Klongchan Housing Authority (KHA), Nonsree High School (NHS), Watsing High School (WHS), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Chokchai 4 Police Station (CPS), Dindaeng Housing Authority (DHA) and Badindecha High School (BHS). For all monitoring stations, each sample covered a period of 24 hours taken at a normal weekday every month from January-December 2006 forming a database of 84 individual air samples (i.e. $12{\times}7=84$). Atmospheric concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene) were measured in $PM_{10}$ at seven observatory sites operated by the pollution control department of Thailand (PCD). The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in Salmonella according to standard Ames test method. The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a calculation of mutagenic index (MI). This MI was used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels (i.e. negative control) at the seven monitoring sites in urban area of Bangkok due to anthropogenic emissions within that area. Applications of the AMES method showed that the average MI of $PM_{10}$ collected at all sampling sites were $1.37{\pm}0.10$ (TA98; +S9), $1.24{\pm}0.08$ (TA98; -S9), $1.45{\pm}0.10$ (TA100; +S9) and $1.30{\pm}0.09$ (TA100; -S9) with relatively less variations. Analytical results reconfirm that the particulate PAH concentrations measured at PCD air quality monitoring stations are moderately low in comparison with previous results observed in other countries. In addition, the concept of incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) was employed to investigate the potential risks of exposure to particulate PAHs in Bangkok atmosphere.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 1979

Linear polyethers were prepared by the reaction of diphenoxide anions from 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bis (4-hydroxylphenyl) sulfide, and bis (khydroxyphenyl) sulfone with 1,6-dibromohexane in aqueous/nitrobenzene heterogeneous phases. Tetrabutylammonium bromide was employed as a phase transfer catalyst. The polymerizations were dependent both on stirring speed and catalyst level, but only up to certain maximum values. Distribution studies demonstrated transference of diphenoxide anions from aqueous phase into nitrobenzene in the presence of the catalyst. Some of polymers were characterized with respect to their intrinsic viscosities (0.09-O.16), number average molecular weight (2400-4800)) and thermal properties. The use of a new terminology, 'phase transfer polymerization?, is proposed to differentiate this type of polymerizations from interfacial polycondensations.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Drug metabolism is a critical determinant of the therapeutic and adverse effects of many psychotropic drugs. The metabolism depends on the pharmacokinetics of a drug, which includes its absorption, distribution, and elimination. Psychotropic drugs are metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes; about 20 of these enzymes exist and they are often responsible for the rate-limiting step of drug metabolism. CYP2D6 is the best-characterized P450 enzyme that exhibits polymorphism in humans. This study determined the relationship between the CYP2D6*10 (P34S) polymorphism and the response to mirtazapine in 153 Koreans with major depressive disorder (MDD). The genotype frequencies were compared using logistic regression analysis, and between-genotype differences in the decrease in the 21-item Hamilton Depression (HAMD21) score over the 12-week treatment period were analyzed using a linear regression analysis. The proportion of remitters was lower in patients with MDD possessing the S allele than in P allele carriers after 2 weeks of mirtazapine treatment. Similarly, the reductions in the HAMD21 and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores in S allele carriers were smaller than those in patients with the P allele after 2 weeks of mirtazapine treatment. In the analysis of depression symptoms, the sleep and delusion scores had smaller reductions in S allele carriers. Based on the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS), the psychic adverse effects of mirtazapine were associated with CYP2D6 P34S, while weight gain was not. These results suggest that CYP2D6 P34S affects the outcome of mirtazapine treatment in patients with MDD, and that this polymorphism may be a good genetic marker for predicting the clinical outcome of mirtazapine treatment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.416-422
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• 2013

In order to incorporate silver ions into the alginate, silver-alginate was prepared with aqueous solutions of silver nitrate. In the study, the silver-alginate was prepared by blending with poly vinylpyrrolidone solutions and the electrospinning was performed by using this blend solution. Antibacterial properties of silver-alginate/PVP solutions were estimated for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the colony counting test. Electrospinning conditions of silver-alginate/PVP solution were the tip-to-collector distance of 22 cm, the flow rate of the solution at 0.01 mL/min, and the voltage at 26 kV. The form and size of silver-alginate/PVP nanofibers were estimated by SEM and Image J. The average diameter of the electrospun SA5P15 fibers was 124 nm and showed a narrow diameter distribution. The reduction of bacteria for SA5P15 exhibited 99.9% after 24 h.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 1999

This study was carried out to derive the removal characteristics of target materials(DOC and turbidity) during the coagulation process after the injection of coagulants(PACl and FeCl3). Used apparatus were a jar test and a pilot plant. A great portion of DOC among the total removed DOC was achieved at the slow mixing process among the coagulation process. The ranges of removed DOC and optimum pH for each coagulant were 0.45~1.47mg/l and 6.0~6.5 by PACl, and 0.97~2.61mg/l. and 5.0~5.5 by FeCl3, respectively. Both of coagulants showed little increase of DOC removal above coagulant dosage 20mg/l Molecular weight distribution(MWD) of removed DOC was measured by get filtration(GF) technique. The MWD variation by gel filtrationin(GF) for removed DOC in the coagulation process were as follows; for raw water, the percentages of each MWD for total area were < MW 6,500 25.5%, MW 6,500~66,000 67.1%, and > MW 66,000 7.4%. For the same coagulant dosage(12mg/l), the percentages of each MWD for total area by PACl were < MW 6,500 20.5%, MW 6,500~66,000 48.7%, and > MW 66,000 9.1%, and those of FeCl3 were MW 66,000 18.2%. For each coagulant, the removal percentage of MW 6,500~66,000 occurred a little, but at a part of