• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the amount and major compositions of excreta from broilers. One hundred fifty 1-d-old male and female Ross broilers were used in this work and ten broilers were selected to measure excreta. Average amount of excreta per broiler was 85.4 g, and average moisture content was 76.9%. N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in excreta were 1.19, 0.29 and 0.49%, respectively. pH, $BOD_5$, $COD_{mn}$, and SS were 7.80, 42,134 mg/L, 52,668 mg/L, and 106,669 mg/L, respectively. Pb in poultry excreta was 0.803 mg/kg and highly lowed compared with the standard contents (150 mg/kg). Cd was not founded in excreta. Hg was founded in excreta as 0.002 mg/kg, but it was low compared with the standard level (2 mg/kg).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1729-1737
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• 2007

A CRD experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different exogenous betaine levels (0.000, 0.075, 0.150 and 0.225 percent) on 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) under water salinity stress. Different levels of water salinity were made by adding 3 levels of NaCl (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L) to drinking water. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Betaine increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, and decreased packed cell volume (p<0.05). Water salinity promoted body weight over the whole period, increased feed intake (11 to 21 and 29 to 42-d) and also improved feed conversion ratio in grower and finisher periods (p<0.01). Breast weight, water consumption (28-d and 42-d) and excreta moisture (28-d) were increased by elevating the level of water salinity (p<0.01). Interaction between dietary betaine and water salinity was significant on plasma osmolarity as well as epithelial osmolarity of the duodenum at 28-d. Epithelial osmolarity was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The data imply that betaine is involved in the protection of intestinal epithelia against osmotic disturbance which can be caused by saline water, but further research is needed to investigate the effects of betaine with higher levels of water salinity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 1985

Fifteen 1-yr old roosters were employed in order to investigate the influence of various dietary fibers on the water and Na metabolism of chicken. Wheat bran, pure cellulose and ground rice straw replaced corn in the control diet at 10% level; Pectin replaced corn at 8% level. Three roosters were allotted per dietary treatment and one rooster per replicate. The limit of probability accepted as being significant was P$\leq$.05. The dry matter metabolizabilities of cellulose and rice straw diets were significantly lower, and those of control and pectin diets were significantly higher than that of the wheat bran diet. Pectin fed roosters seemed to drink more water than did the other birds. Also, excreta from roosters fed the pectin diet were significantly wetter than those from other treatments. However, no difference in water intake and fecal moisture were found when !he roosters were colostomized. It was also found that the colostomized birds drank more water than did intact ones. Data of water holding capacity and bulk density of dried excreta showed that cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order were strong in fibrous property. There were no significant differences in C$_{Na+}$ , Cosm and C$_{{H_2}O}$ among all treatments. When the values of urine volume, urine osmolality and C$_{{H_2}O}$ were put together, it can be concluded that 11 out of 15 roosters developed diuresis. More severe diuretic symptoms were developed in roosters when they were fed more fibrous diets. In conclusion, when the four dietary fibers were graded in terms of fibrous property, it turned out to be pectin, cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

Two broiler experiments were carried out to determine whether supplementation of zeolite in the diet would affect broiler performance and economical efficiency. Day old male broiler chickens of Abor Acres strain were used. In the first experiment,60 birds were distributed into f groups of 10 birds each. Three groups of chickens were randomly placed on one of the following single-stage (0-6wks) experimental diets； control diet (non-supplemented) or 2% zeolite supplemented diet (supplemented to the control). In the second experiment,216 birds were distributed into 24 groups of 9 birds each. Eight groups of chickens were randomly placed on one of the 3 two-stage diet (starter；0-4wks, finisher；5-7wks)；control diet ($T_1$ , non-supplemented), 2% zeolite diet ($T_2$：isocaloric and isonitrogenous as $T_1$ ) and 2% zeolite supplemented diet ($T_3$, supplemented to the control). Birds were housed in the batteries, and feeds and water were fed ad libitum. The results of Experiment 1 showed that birds fed control diet were heavier than those fed 2% zeolite supplemented diet up to 4th wks of age. However, birds fed the latter grew more at 5th and 6th wk. Overall weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different. The results of Experiment 2 showed that there were no significant differences in weight gains, feed intakes and feed efficiencies among treatments during starter, finisher to overall period. The moisture levels in excreta of the birds were significantly (P＜0.01) less when zeolite was included in the diets and those in excreta significantly (P ＜ 0.01) increased as the ambient temperature increased. Economical efficiency expressed in fed cost (won) required per kg weight gin were 346.55 (T$_3$),348.34 ($T_1$ ) and 359.85 ($T_2$).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1123-1130
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of xylose on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and xylose absorption in the portal-drained viscera of broiler chicks. In Exp. 1, ninety male 14 day-old broilers were used to study the effects of different inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40%) of D-xylose in the semi-purified diets on the growth and nutrient digestibility of broilers. In Exp. 2, One hundred and eight male broilers, fed by precision feeding at 22 day-old, were used to investigate the absorption and transportation of dietary xylose in the portal-drained viscera of broiler. The results of Exp. 1 indicated that the growth of broilers was gradually decreased as the xylose level increased (p<0.01). With the xylose supplementation increased, the moisture in broiler excreta was gradually elevated (p<0.01), AME and the digestibilities of crude protein and ether extract were significantly reduced and the digestibilities of xylose and arabinose were also decreased (p<0.01). The results of Exp. 2 showed that the concentrations of ribose, xylose and galactose in serum were significantly influenced by different dietary levels of xylose (p<0.01), but there's no apparent difference among rhamnose, glucose and arabinose (p>0.05). The xylose concentration in serum was highest in Vena Cava, middle in Portal Vein and lowest in Ulnar Vein within 6 h after precision feeding. And then the xylose concentration in Portal Vein and Ulnar Vein were higher than that of Vena Cava. The concentration of ribose, xylose and galactose in serum were also significantly changed with time prolongation (p<0.01). The concentration of xylose in serum was highest in the 40% xylose treatment, middle in the 20% xylose group and lowest in the control group. The glycogen contents in liver and muscle were linearly decreased as the level of xylose increased (p<0.01). The higher the dietary level of xylose was, the lower digestibility of dietary xylose was (p<0.10). 40% xylose markedly decreased the digestibility of dietary glucose (p<0.01). In conclusion, high levels of xylose in the diets inhibited the growth and nutrient digestibility of broiler. The outputs of xylose from the hydrolyzation of wheat-based diet by xylanase should have no adverse effects on broiler performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

A study was carried out to examine the effects of dietary kaolin on the performance, feed and nutrient efficiency, meat quality and feeding environment using 200 day-old growing ducts. Four replicates of 10 birds each was assigned to diets containing 0(C), 1 (T1), 2(T2), 3(T3) and $4(T4)\%$ of kaolin. Body weight gain in T1 and T2 were higher than in $C(p<0.05)$ whereas weight gain in T3 and T4 were not significantly different from the control. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio tended to increased as the level of dietary kaolin increased, but without significant differences among treatments. Mortality of growing ducks during 6 week period was not significantly different among treatments. Dressing percentage was highest in T1 and lowest in T4 $(p<0.05)$. The utilizability of nutrients except for crude fat Increased$(p<0.05)$, as the level of dietary kaolin increased. Moisture content and $NH_3$ gas emission of excreta was not significantly influenced by dietary kaolin. $H_2S$ gas emission of excreta in T2, T3 and T4 was lower compare to that in C and $T1(p<0.05)$. Cholesterol content in breast and thigh meat was not different among treatments. Values for pH, WHC, TBARS, POV and Cooking loss of breast and thigh meat were not significantly different or did not show any trend among treatments.