• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.83-94
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• 2010

Conventionally, ornament has developed around linear thinking based on Euclidean geometry, and been explained as simple and lucid natural Euclidean geometrical phenomena. The modular arrangement with vertical, horizontal and diagonal grids has been an organizing principle of classical ornament, but in digital era ornament is found not to be explained only with the principle of traditional arrangement due to the seemingly irregular complex forms. In that sense, this study presents the concept of digital ornament and examined the backgrounds of ornament in digital age, that are complex system and non-Euclidean geometry. Accordingly, the present study takes an approach by dividing new formal types of ornament into algorithmic form, hybrid form and dynamic form to find out a principle of pattern organization. Lately, architects who actively use computer for their architectural designs take the algorithmic strategies in nature and create various and complex patterns by simple rules. The patterns are not the repetition of the same, but the production of singularities. In addition, hybrid form by morphing shows a topologically flexible evolutionary transformation, and is used to create in-between transitional shapes from the source to target. Finally, the patterns by the interaction between the system components which are corresponded to the embedded forces emerge from dynamic simulation of the natural environment. Rather than objects itself, focus is given to the process of generating forms, and the ornamental patterns as the revelation of such implicit order provide not just the formal beauty but also spatial pathways for lights and air, maximizing the effects of lights.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2008

In this study, we propose and develop PDMS-based modular actuators. The microactuator which looks like a small insect uses thermal expansion power of the PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane; $sylgar^{(R)}$ 184 silicone elastomer). The PDMS-based microactuator provides a large displacement due to a high thermal expansion coefficient (approximately 310ppm). The microacruator with 1mm length $350{\mu}m$ width is optimized by using a numerical analysis. The shape of the PDMS actuatoris variously designed. They are placed at several positions to find the optimal position that provides a high transformation ratio. The PDMS-based microactuators are fabricated using a conventional micromaching technique. The fabricated microactuator is heated using a hot-plate. The actuator displacement is measured as a function of temperature from $27^{\circ}C$ to $300^{\circ}C$. The experimental results are compared to the simulation result. When heating temperature up to $300^{\circ}C$ is applied to the PDMS actuator, each V-groove-shaped joint is actuated $30{\mu}$ mat $300^{\circ}C$. Anotherdesign of the microactuator has a maximum displacement of about 656mm.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2014

The research aims to analyze the structural meaning of mobility design on 'Furnitecture' with the works of Andrea Zittel. The study consists of the literature review and the analysis of Zittel's works. The framework for the analysis is divided into four steps: identification of visual forms/structure/function, analysis of the principles of delivering the concept of mobility, interpretation & synthesis of the relational meanings derived from the concepts of mobility, and evaluation of Zittel's tendency toward design/social background/design history, etc. Total fifteen cases are selected from Zittel's works, and each case is analyzed following the above steps. The finding shows that Zittel likes to play with geometrical forms, grid & modular system to create a minimum space for living equipped with critical furnishing. Secondly, Zittel's works deliver the concept of mobility by applying movability, adaptation, combination and transformation. Thirdly, through the concepts of mobility, Zittel reflects the ideas of high efficiency and functionalism, harmony with natural environment, search for liberty, simple & humble life and success of the designers of American modernism. Finally, it is found that modernism from the era of Bauhaus, utopian values derived from constructionism, utilitarianism inspired by Shakers and homestead act & mobile home/capsule unit suggested since 19th century in America mainly affect Zittel's works to reflect the dynamic concepts of mobility through the design of furnitecture.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 1995

Combined models, specified by two or more modeling formalisms, can represent a wide variety of complex systems. This paper describes a methodology for the development of combined models in two model types of discrete event and continuous process. The methodology is based on transformation of continuous state space into discrete one to homomorphically represent dynamics of continuous processes in discrete events. This paper proposes a formal structure which can combine model of the DES and the CS within a framework. The structure employs the DEVS formalism for the DES models and differential or polynomial equations for the CS models. To employ the proposed structure to specify a DEVS/CS combined model, a modeler needs to take the following steps. First, a modeler should identify events in the CS and transform the states of the CS into the DES. Second, a modular employs the formalism to specify the system as the DES. Finally, a moduler developes sub-models for the CS and continguos states of the DES and establishs one-to-one correspondence between the sub-models and such states. The proposed formal structre has been applied to develop a DEVS/CS combined model for the human cardiovascular system. For this, the cardiac cycle is partitioned into a set of phases based on events identified through observation. For each phase, a CS model has been developed and associated with the phase. To validate the DEVS/CS combined model developed, then simulate the model in the DEVSIM + + environment, which is a model simulation results with the results obtained from the CS model simulation using SPICE. The comparison shows that the DEVS/CS combined model adequately represents dynamics of the human heart system at each phase of cardiac cycle.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 1998

3D medical image reconstruction techniques are useful to figure out complex 3D structures from the set of 2D sections. In the paper, 3D medical image reconstruction system is constructed under PC environment and programmed based on modular programming by using Visual C++ 4.2. The whole procedures are composed of data preparation, gradient estimation, classification, shading, transformation and ray-casting & compositing. Three speed optimization techniques are used for accelerating 3D medical image reconstruction technique. One is to reduce the rays when cast rays to reconstruct 3D medical image, another is to reduce the voxels to be calculated and the other is to apply early ray termination. To implement 3D medical image reconstruction system based on PC, speed optimization techniques are experimented and applied.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aims to examine spatial characteristics of ambulatory care department Chronologically through case studies; and to consider the social implication of these spatial changes. Methods: In this study, a total of eight ambulatory care departments, one or two for each period, were selected in order to analyze the spatial characteristics. Results: First, since the 1990s, the outpatient department of the US has been changed into a patient-centered space by providing high quality outpatient medical services through individual exam room planning. Second, the exam room has been changed from open/semi-open/group exam room to individual exam room since 1990, and the trend is shifting from the cluster type to the modular type consisting of universal exam rooms in order to achieve the flexibility of exam room. Third, the diagnostic/testing area has been deployed to the ambulatory clinic to enable 'one-stop shopping' for patients-centered care since 1990s, however, it has been disappearing since 2000 due to Reduce medical expenses. Fourth, the Central Nursing Station type first appeared in the outpatient department In the 2000s, followed by the type of decentralized nursing station type since 2010s. And fifth, the area of medical support has been placing to be concentrated on one place due to the Lean Design strategy since 2010. Implications: In the future, it is expected that Korea will be more focused on efficiency, visual control, and flexibility in the planning of the ambulatory care department as in the case of the United States.