• 제목/요약/키워드: model viruses

검색결과 78건 처리시간 0.029초

확률적 정량모델을 이용한 토양에서의 바이러스 저감 평가 (Assessment of Viral Attenuation in Soil Using Probabilistic Quantitative Model)

  • 박정안;김재현;이인;김성배
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제33권7호
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    • pp.544-551
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구의 목적은 미국 환경보호청에서 개발한 확률적 정량모델인 VIRULO 모델의 구성과 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 이 모델은 몬테카를로 방법을 이용하여 수리지질학적 차단벽으로써 토양의 바이러스 저감능을 평가할 수 있는 모델이다. 모델에 사용된 지배방정식은 크게 불포화 지역에서의 물의 흐름식과 바이러스의 이동식으로 구성되어 있다. 사용되는 파라미터들 중, 물의 흐름과 관련된 파라미터는 11종류의 토양에 대하여 UNSODA 데이터베이스로부터 얻어진 것 들이며, 바이러스와 관련된 파라미터 값들은 다섯 종류의 바이러스에 대하여 문헌조사를 통해 정리된 것이다. 모델은 목표로 하는 바이러스 저감 역치값과 특정 조건에서 몬테카를로 모사를 통해 얻어진 토양의 바이러스 저감인자를 비교하여, 목표로 하는 바이러스 저감 역치값에 도달하지 못하는 확률을 결정한다. 그리고, 몬테카를로 모사횟수와 목표 역치값에 도달하지 못한 횟수를 결과물로 제시한다. 11개의 USDA 토양을 대상으로 바이러스 저감을 평가한 결과, 양질사토와 모래의 바이러스 저감능이 점토나 미사 계열의 토양에 비하여 상당히 떨어지는 것으로 평가되었다. 5종의 바이러스를 대상으로 저감을 비교한 결과, 바이러스 간에 저감 정도에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 중 폴리오바이러스의 저감 정도가 가장 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고, 토양 함수량이 증가함에 따라 토양의 바이러스 저감능이 급격하게 감소하였으며, 토양의 깊이가 증가함에 따라 바이러스 저감능이 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 본 연구에 의하면, VIRULO 모델은 지중환경에서의 바이러스 위해성 평가에 사용될 수 있는 유용한 스크리닝 도구로 판단된다.

Variability in the Viral Protein Linked to the Genome of Turnip Mosaic Virus Influences Interactions with eIF(iso)4Es in Brassica rapa

  • Li, Guoliang;Zhang, Shifan;Li, Fei;Zhang, Hui;Zhang, Shujiang;Zhao, Jianjun;Sun, Rifei
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2021
  • Plants protect against viruses through passive and active resistance mechanisms, and in most cases characterized thus far, natural recessive resistance to potyviruses has been mapped to mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E genes. Five eIF4E copies and three eIF(iso)4E copies were detected in Brassica rapa. The eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E genes could interact with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) viral protein linked to the genome (VPg) to initiate virus translation. From the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, the TuMV-CHN2/CHN3 VPgs could not interact with BraA.eIF4E.a/c or BraA.eIF(iso)4E.c, but they could interact with BraA.eIF(iso)4E.a in B. rapa. Further analysis indicated that the amino acid substitution L186F (nt T556C) in TuMV-UK1 VPg was important for the interaction networks between the TuMV VPg and eIF(iso)4E proteins. An interaction model of the BraA. eIF(iso)4E protein with TuMV VPg was constructed to infer the effect of the significant amino acids on the interaction of TuMV VPgs-eIF(iso)4Es, particularly whether the L186F in TuMV-UK1 VPg could change the structure of the TuMV-UK1 VPg protein, which may terminate the interaction of the BraA.eIF(iso)4E and TuMV VPg protein. This study provides new insights into the interactions between plant viruses and translation initiation factors to reveal the working of key amino acids.

Functional Genomic Approaches Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System

  • Lee, Jun-Ho;Nam, Seung-Hee;Hwang, Soon-Baek;Hong, Min-Gi;Kwon, Jae-Young;Joeng, Kyu-Sang;Im, Seol-Hee;Shim, Ji-Won;Park, Moon-Cheol
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.107-113
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    • 2004
  • Since the completion of the genome project of the nematode C. elegans in 1998, functional genomic approaches have been applied to elucidate the gene and protein networks in this model organism. The recent completion of the whole genome of C. briggsae, a close sister species of C. elegans, now makes it possible to employ the comparative genomic approaches for identifying regulatory mechanisms that are conserved in these species and to make more precise annotation of the predicted genes. RNA interference (RNAi) screenings in C. elegans have been performed to screen the whole genome for the genes whose mutations give rise to specific phenotypes of interest. RNAi screens can also be used to identify genes that act genetically together with a gene of interest. Microarray experiments have been very useful in identifying genes that exhibit co-regulated expression profiles in given genetic or environmental conditions. Proteomic approaches also can be applied to the nematode, just as in other species whose genomes are known. With all these functional genomic tools, genetics will still remain an important tool for gene function studies in the post genome era. New breakthroughs in C. elegans biology, such as establishing a feasible gene knockout method, immortalized cell lines, or identifying viruses that can be used as vectors for introducing exogenous gene constructs into the worms, will augment the usage of this small organism for genome-wide biology.

Herpes Simplex Virus에 감염된 Mouse의 NK세포역할 (A Role of Natural Killer Cell in Mouse Infected Herpes Simplex Virus)

  • 이연태;이종훈
    • 대한미생물학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 1982
  • A model of induction of neoplasia by viruses has develpoed from experimental studies in animals and in cultured cells and oncogenic transformation of cells is the result of integration of viral genetic information into the cellular DNA. The evidence for these associations was derived primarily from seroepidemiologic investigation. However, data indicating that the relation between HSV-2 and cervical cancer fits the model derived from experimental animal studies are not yet sufficient to draw conclusion with regard to the etiologic role the virus in the development of the neoplasms. In other hand, the K562 tumor cell is highly susceptible target for natural killer cell lysis by the lymphocytes of human and murine periperal blood. The characteristics of this effector cell type has been investigated. A study on natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity(NKMC) against $^{51}Cr$-K562 as target cell was studed in HSV-2 infected ICR mouse. We have studied for susceptibility of HSV-2 against mouse embryo fibroblast(MEF) cells and NKMC from HSV-2 infected mouse. The results obtained that the mouse embryo fibroblast cells culture, the number and size of the cells were markedly increased and formed a monolayers relatively rapid, and become complete monolayer sheet around 72 hrs. Duration of cytopathic effect on MEF cells was rapid by serial passing of HSV-2. The morphology of the HSV-2 infected cells appear to be mainly round, ovium, spindle form and some of them was forming large giant cells. The NKMC was decrease in mouse with HSV-2 and comparison between effector/target cells ratio as 25:1 and 50:1 respectively, the NKMC was found to be more significantly decreased than normal control we have concluded that the natural killer cell activity of the viral infected mouse was shown as a suppressed during the HSV-2 infection, day 7th and 14th.

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점증적 학습 퍼지 신경망을 이용한 적응 분류 모델 (An Adaptive Classification Model Using Incremental Training Fuzzy Neural Networks)

  • 이현숙
    • 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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    • 제16권6호
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    • pp.736-741
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    • 2006
  • 분류 시스템은 데이터 전처리 모듈, 학습모듈, 의사결정모듈로 구성되어 있으며 지능형시스템의 중요한 구성요소로 활용되어왔다. 특히 학습모듈은 사전정보를 제공하므로 분류를 위한 핵심 역할을 수행하여 왔다. 기존의 학습을 위한 기법은 주로 승자독점방식으로 데이터를 처리하므로 경계가 불명확한 대부분의 실세계 응용에 적합하지 못하다. 또한 학습 알고리즘에 필요한 데이터를 한꺼번에 준비해야 하지만 이는 일반적으로 가능하지 않은 경우가 많다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 점증적 학습 퍼지신경망, FNN-I,를 이용한 적응 분류모델을 설계한다. 이 모델에서는 유용하게 정보를 표현하기 위하여 퍼지이론을 도입하고 계속적으로 모여지는 데이터를 가지고 점증적으로 학습할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 제안된 모델을 컴퓨터 바이러스 분류를 위한 실제 데이터에 적용하여 점증적으로 학습할 수 있고 효과적으로, 새로운 바이러스 데이터를 분류할 수 있음을 보인다.

실내 공간에서의 호흡기 감염병 공기전파감염 위험도와 공기정화장치(필터 임배디드 기계식 환기설비 및 공기청정기 등 실내 감염원 저감 장치) 사용에 따른 효율 (Airborne infection risk of respiratory infectious diseases and effectiveness of using filter-embeded mechanical ventilator and infectious source reduction device such as air cleaner)

  • 박성재;박근영;박대훈;구현본;황정호
    • 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.73-94
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    • 2020
  • Particulate infectious sources, including infectious viruses, can float in the air, causing airborne infections. To prevent indoor airborne infection, dilution control by ventilation and indoor air cleaners are frequently used. In this study, the risk of airborne infection by the operation of these two techniques was evaluated. In case of dilution control by ventilation, a high efficiency air filter was embedded at the inlet of supply air. In this study, infectious source reduction devices such as indoor air cleaner include all kinds of mechanical-filters, UV-photo catalysts and air ionizers through which air flow is forced by fans. Two mathematical models for influenza virus were applied in an infant care room where infants and young children are active, and the risk reduction efficiency was compared. As a result, in the case of individually operating the ventilator or the infectious source reduction device, the airborne infection risk reduction efficiencies were 55.2~61.2% and 53.8~59.9%, respectively. When both facilities were operated, it was found that the risk of airborne infection was reduced about 72.2~76.8%. Therefore, simultaneous operation of ventilation equipment and infectious source reduction device is the most effective method for safe environment that minimizes the risk of airborne infection of respiratory infectious diseases. In the case of a space where sufficient ventilation operation is difficult, it was found that the operation of an infectious source reduction device is important to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This study is meaningful in that it provides an academic basis for strategies for preventing airborne infection of respiratory infectious diseases.

Molecular characterization and functionality of rumen-derived extracellular vesicles using a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model

  • Hyejin Choi;Daye Mun;Sangdon Ryu;Min-jin Kwak;Bum-Keun Kim;Dong-Jun Park;Sangnam Oh;Younghoon Kim
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제65권3호
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    • pp.652-663
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    • 2023
  • The rumen fluids contain a wide range of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The various ruminal microorganisms in the rumen provide nutrients by fermenting the forage they eat. During metabolic processes, microorganisms present in the rumen release diverse vesicles during the fermentation process. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the function of rumen extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their interaction with the host. We confirmed the structure of the rumen EVs by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the size of the particles using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Rumen EVs range in size from 100 nm to 400 nm and are composed of microvesicles, microparticles, and ectosomes. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans smart animal model, we verified the interaction between the host and rumen EVs. Exposure of C. elegans to rumen EVs did not significantly enhance longevity, whereas exposure to the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus significantly increased lifespan. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed gene expression alterations in C. elegans exposed to rumen EVs, with significant changes in the metabolic pathway, fatty acid degradation, and biosynthesis of cofactors. Our study describes the effect of rumen EV interactions with the host and provides novel insights for discovering biotherapeutic agents in the animal industry.

소 가죽 유래 Type I Collagen 생산 공정에서 바이러스 불활화 (Virus Inactivation during the Manufacture of a Collagen Type I from Bovine Hides)

  • 배정은;김찬경;김성포;양은경;김인섭
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제48권4호
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    • pp.314-318
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    • 2012
  • 세포치료제 또는 조직공학제제에 사용되는 동물 유래 콜라겐은 원료물질 유래 바이러스가 오염될 가능성이 있기 때문에 생산과정 중 바이러스가 오염되지 않도록 하여야 한다. 이를 위해 콜라겐 생산공정은 오염될 가능성이 있는 바이러스들을 불활화 하거나 제거하는 과정을 포함하여야 하며, 바이러스 불활화/제거 능력은 제품의 안전성을 보증하는 중요한 지표로 사용된다. 본 연구의 목적은 소 가죽을 원료로 하여 type I 콜라겐을 생산하는 공정에서 소 유래 바이러스들의 불활화/제거 효능을 평가하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 70% 에탄올 처리 공정과 펩신 처리 공정(pH 2)에서 바이러스 불활화 효과를 평가하였다. 바이러스 불활화 효과 평가를 위해 bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV-3), bovine parvovirus (BPV)를 모델 바이러스로 선정하였다. 바이러스 불활화를 위해 24시간 동안 70% 에탄올을 처리하는 공정에서 BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, BPV 모두 처리 1시간 안에 검출 한계 이하로 불활화되었으며, 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}5.58$, ${\geq}5.32$, ${\geq}5.11$, ${\geq}3.42$이었다. 또한 소 조직으로부터 콜라겐을 추출하기 위한 14일간의 펩신 처리 공정에서 BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, BPV 모두 처리 5일 안에 검출한계 이하로 불활화되었으며, 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}7.08$, ${\geq}6.60$, ${\geq}5.60$, ${\geq}3.59$이었다. 두 공정에서 BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, BPV의 누적 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}12.66$, ${\geq}11.92$, ${\geq}10.71$, ${\geq}7.01$이었다. 이상의 결과에 의하면, 소 가죽 유래 type I 콜라겐제조공정은 바이러스 안전성 보증을 위한 충분한 바이러스 불활화 능력을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Further Evidence of Linkage at the tva and tvc Loci in the Layer Lines and a Possibility of Polyallelism at the tvc Locus

  • Ghosh, A.K.;Pani, P.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.601-605
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    • 2005
  • Three lines of White Leghorn (WL) chickens (IWJ, IWG and IWC) maintained at Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP), were used for chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and liver tumour (LT) assay. Eleven-day-old embryos of each line were partitioned into three groups and inoculated with 0.2 ml of subgroup A, subgroup C and an equal mixture of subgroup A and C Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Subgroup virus receptor on the cell surface membrane for subgroup A is coded for by tumour virus a (tva) locus and for subgroup C by tumour virus c (tvc) locus. The random association of the genes at the tva and tvc loci in IWJ and IWC line was assessed and the $x^2$-values for phenotypic classes were found to be significant, indicating the linkage between the tva and tvc loci. The linkage value was estimated to be 0.09 on pooled sex and pooled line basis. On the basis of four subclass tumour phenotypes a 4-allele model was proposed for tva locus having $a^{s1}$, $a^{s2}$, $a^{r1}$ and $a^{r2}$ alleles and the frequencies were calculated as 0.47, 0.13, 0.13 and 0.27 for IWJ line, 0.31, 0.33, 0.14 and 0.22 for IWG line and 0.44, 0.11, 0.21 and 0.24 for IWC line, respectively. Similarly, for tvc locus the frequencies of four alleles i.e. $c^{s1}$, $c^{s2}$, $c^{r1}$ and $c^{r2}$ were calculated as 0.42, 0.20, 0.21 and 0.17 for IWJ line, 0.42, 0.17, 0.27 and 0.14 for IWG line and 0.30, 0.21, 0.16 and 0.33 for IWC line, respectively. The $x^2$-values for all classes of observations were not significant (p>0.05), indicating a good fit to the 4-allele model for the occurrence of 4-subclass tumour phenotypes for tva and tvc loci. On the basis of the 2-allele model both tva and tvc locus carries three genotypes each. But, on the basis of the 4-allele model tva and tvc locus carries 10 genotypes each. The interaction between A-resistance and C-resistance (both CAM and LT death) was ascertained by taking the 10 genotypes of tva locus and 3 genotypes of tvc locus by pooling the lines and partitioning the observations into 3 classes. The $x^2$-values for the genotypic classes of CAM (-) LT (+) and CAM (-) LT (-) phenotypes to mixed virus (A+C) infection were found to be highly significant (p<0.01), indicating increased resistance, which indicates the joint segregation of $a^r$ and $c^r$ genes, suggesting the existence of close linkage between the tva and tvc loci. Therefore, an indirect selection approach using subgroup C viruses can be employed to generate stocks resistant to subgroup A LLV, obviating contamination with the most common agent causing LL in field condition.

Application of Buoyant Density Centrifugation Method for the Rapid Detection of Feline Calicivirus in Oyster and Lettuce as Norovirus Surrogate

  • Cho, Yun-Sik;Lee, Kang-Whie;Jang, Keum-Il;Ahn, Jun-Bae;Kim, Kwang-Yup
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.925-930
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    • 2008
  • Norovirus has become the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. Detection procedures of foodborne viruses from foods require several steps. The concentration step using polyethylene glycol (PEG) is time-consuming and the detection efficiency of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is affected by inhibitors from food components. In this study, a rapid detection method based on buoyant density centrifugation was developed to replace the time-consuming chloroform-polyethylene glycol-Tris Tween method. Feline calicivirus that belongs to the family Caliciviridae was used as a surrogate model for norovirus. After artificial inoculation of feline calcivirus (FCV) to oyster and lettuce, 830 ${\mu}L$ of homogenized sample suspension was layered on the top of 670 ${\mu}L$ 20% percoll and centrifuged. Then RNA extraction step was proceeded with the supernatant. By varying several physical conditions, the detection limits were lowered to $2.4{\times}10^2$ PFU per 1 g in oyster and $2.4{\times}10^0$ PFU per 1 g in lettuce. The protocol obtained in this study could be used to develop new detection method for norovirus in foods.