• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.175-190
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this article is to explain the meanings and uses of the English auxiliaries will morpho-syntactically, and answer the question of whether will is a tense auxiliary or a modal one. Some writers even exclude will completely from the semantics of the modal auxiliaries. They argue that the semantics of will is fundamentally non-modal and has only a few modal-like uses. There are some people who treat will to be semantically separate from the other modal auxiliaries. In the light of modal will, the semantics of will basically remains anchored in volition because the lack of required speaker subjectivity, but has undergone so much semantic bleaching that it may also express future time without volition. On the other hand, the semantics of will in the exclusionist view is erroneous and that its semantics is in fact closely related to the semantics of the other modals. This view reinforces the argument that the morpho-syntactic kinship of will, can, may and must also reflects semantic kinship. It is suggested that all the modal auxiliaries show that the correspondence relation is non-verified but potential. And the specific place that will holds is that the correspondence is unverified at the time of utterance but will turn out to become verified. The overall conclusion is that idiosyncratic morpho-syntax shared by the modals reflects the semantics and pragmatics of the English modal auxiliaries and is forced also to include will.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
• /
• 제1권
• /
• pp.107-136
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this paper is to capture the intuition that imperatives and deontic modal sentences are alike in some way but different in other ways, I show that imperatives and deontic modal sentences are alike in that both types of sentences have the modal force of deontic modality, but that they are different in that while imperatives make a contribution that there is an obligation or a permission issued by the speaker as an essential part of their meaning, deontic modal sentences assert the existence of an obligation or a permission in the current world.

• 논리연구
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 2002

A semantics for logical necessity, based on Carnap's criterion of adequacy, is given with respect to the ontology of logical atomism. A calculus for sentential (propositional) modal logic is described and shown to be complete with respect to this semantics. The semantics is then modified in terms of a restricted notion of 'all possible worlds' in the interpretation of necessity and shown to yield a completeness theorem for the modal logic S5. Such a restricted notion introduces material content into the meaning of necessity so that, in addition to atomic facts, there are "modal facts" that distinguish one world from another.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
• /
• pp.136-145
• /
• 2007

This paper explains how we define and represent modality in E-HowNet. Following Lyons (1977, reviewed in Hsieh 2003, among others), we hold that modals express a speaker's opinion or attitude toward a proposition and hence have a pragmatic dimension and recognize five kinds of modal categories, i.e. epistemic, deontic, ability, volition and expectation modality. We then present a representational formalism that contains the three most basic components of modal meaning: modal category, positive or negative and strength. Such a formula can define not only modal words but also words that contain modal meanings and cope with co-compositions of modals and the negation construction.

• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.99-122
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to explain the meanings and uses of the English auxiliaries SHALL/WILL. The complexity of modern usage of SHALL/WILL has been one of the most disputable themes of traditional English grammar. The paper purported to address the study and analysis of diachronic and synchronic approach to the two auxiliaries. A general view of the figures of Fries'(1925) survey was added for further investigation. The results of the study showed that these auxiliaries express some of various modal meanings associated with the volitional or emotional attitude of the speaker without implying futurity. The findings also suggested that the use of SHALL in present-day English is restricted to non-volitional future with the first person but the practice of this use is also diminished by the expansion of the use of WILL, and the original meaning of WILL, 'to desire or wish', has generally been replaced by other verbs or modal forms. But sentences which seem to indicate futurity are often tinged with modal senses. Therefore, WILL/SHALL should be considered to act either as tense auxiliary or as modal auxiliary depending on situational contexts in which it occurs.

• 철학연구
• /
• 제116권
• /
• pp.257-280
• /
• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 우선 일차적으로 양상논리학체계를 국어의 통사론적 구조 하에서 재구성하는 것이고, 둘째로 이를 구성주의 인식론의 관점에서 해석하는 것이다. 말하자면, 본 연구는 논리학에 대한 인식론적 해석, 즉 일종의 메타-논리학적 연구이다. 본 연구는 논리(규칙) 및 논리학적 체계는 선험적으로 우리 정신에 주어진 원리가 아니라, 인식 주관이 외적 대상들을 조작하는 행동들 중에서 반복적으로 작용하는 메커니즘들을 형식적으로 구조화하는 데서 성립한다는 것을 정당화하고자 한다. 말하자면, 논리규칙의 후험적 구성주의 논제를 정당화하고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 일체의 논리적 구조들을 심리학적 구조들에로 환원을 시도하는 일종의 환원주의이다. 필자가 강조하는 논리적 구성의 두 계기는 체계의 닫힘과 새로운 모순의 발견이다. 따라서 여기서는 명제계산체계 내에 있는 모순을 지적하고 이를 극복하기 위해서 양상논리가 출현하게 되었다는 것과 그럼에도 불구하고 이 체계 역시 새로운 모순을 만난다는 것을 증명하고자 한다. 결국 논리의 구성주의의 논제는 상위의 체계는 하위의 체계에 없던 새로운 제한적 속성이 등장한다는 것을 해명하는 것이 될 것이다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2021

This paper explores the meaning and importance of tuning amongst other Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) parameters and describes processes to help ensure that an as-built TMD is properly tuned to the as-built high-rise building. A summary of key TMD components and TMD implementations will be presented as an introduction and review. Next, it will be shown that tuning is a means for optimizing TMD performance. A process using modal characterization tests during tower construction to estimate natural frequencies of the completed tower will be described. Finally, the use of a Frequency Response Function (FRF) as a means for verifying the frequency of a TMD will be proposed.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제24권11호
• /
• pp.2732-2741
• /
• 2000

Combination of magnetic recording technology and optical recording technology such as Near Field Optical Recording is watched recently. In order to accomplish this technology, the development of an electromagnetic driven mm-sized mirror shifting laser beam in track direction have to needed. In Near Field Optical Recording System, shifting laser beam in track direction mean as fine tracking and means as coarse tracking. Therefore in Near Field Optical Recording, 2-stage actuator is composed of servo controller in reading or recording information on disc layer. In our research, through design and simulation process of driven mm-sized mirror, we arrange systematically design process of driven mm-sized mirror having good frequency transfer characteristics. Design and simulation processes included modal analysis of spring, calculation of magnetic moment according to the number of turns and geometric configuration of coil and magnetic circuit analysis meaning that calculation of magnetic flux density in air gap of magnetic circuit. After that we design and make parts of driven mm-sized mirror, assemble and evaluate our electriomagnetic driven mm-sized mirror. we compared design values with actual characteristic values and present solution scheme. Through these processes we performed manufacturing of an electromagnetic driven mm-sized mirror having good frequency-domain characteristics and high sensitivity characteristics.

• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.191-206
• /
• 2012

This study examines the use of the modals and quasi-modals of obligation and necessity, which involves the layering of must, should, have (got) to, got to, and need to in a corpus of cross-cultural communication between EFL learners. The study compares the EFL learners' corpus with a sub-corpus of ICE-GB in terms of token counts and semantic/functional distributions because International Corpus of Standard varieties of English serves as common reference points for international comparison of varieties of English. The results showed that must, should, and have to were the main players in both the corpus of EFL learners and that of native speakers. However, some discrepancy exists between EFL learners' corpus and the native speakers' corpus in the use of the modals and quasi-modals of obligation and necessity. Compared to the corpus of native speakers, the corpus of EFL learners was distinctively different in the relative unpopularity of have to and in the comparative popularity of must particularly for root meaning. Suggestions were made for using computer corpora in understanding EFL learners' language use. And pedagogical implications were made for teaching English modality considering the current usage of the modals and quasi-modals in Standard varieties of English and helping the students develop pragmatic competence.

• 디자인학연구
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.273-282
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경구축에 활용하기 위한 상황인지 모델과 이를 활용한 멀티모달 인터랙션 디자인 프레임웍을 제안하였다. 먼저 상황인지 모델개발을 위해 사용자의 인터랙션 상황을 파악하는 방법과 수집된 상황의 의미를 추론하여 사용자 요구에 맞는 멀티모달 인터랙션 서비스를 제공하는 방법을 연구하였다. 또한 상황인지 모델(Context cube)을 활용한 멀티모달 인터랙션 디자인 프레임웍을 제안하였으며, 이 프레임웍의 활용성을 검증하는 사례연구를 수행하고, 개인화된 유비쿼터스 서비스 도출 및 이 서비스의 산업화 가능성을 제시하였다. 상황인지는 사용자의 기본 행위(Basic Activity), 공간에서의 사용자 위치 및 공간내의 기기 및 환경 요소, 시간 요소와 사용자의 일상적인 스케줄 정보 요소에 의해 파악할 수 있으며, 이러한 요소들을 종합하여 공간적인 개념의 상황인지 모델(Context Cube)을 개발함으로써, 구체적인 공간 모델 내에서의 다양하고 개인화 된 유비쿼터스 서비스의 제안이 가능하였다. 또한, 실제적인 사용자 시나리오에 의한 사례연구를 통해 개념 모델을 구축하는 과정 및 각 과정에서 요구되는 정보의 유형을 검증하고, 상황인지 모델에서의 구성요소의 내용과 배열 등을 정의함으로써 개념모델의 완성도를 높였으며, 상황인지 모델에서 표현되는 사용자의 인터랙션 특징을 바탕으로 멀티모달 인터랙션 디자인의 접근방법을 개발함으로서 이를 디자인 프레임웍으로 구체화할 수 있었다.