• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1136-1147
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the effect of users' emoticon usage on their satisfaction with image making and self-expression in MIM communication. We defined internal attraction, social appeal, and communication ability as personal image making factors due to the use of emoticons in MIM communication. And we defined the research hypotheses based on the definition of intimacy, openness, and social reality as relational image making factors. In MIM communication, we analyzed the questionnaire about emoticon users. As a result, emoticon usage was found to have a positive and significant effect on self-expression in relation image making rather than personal image making. The study implies that the use of emoticons can lead to image making in MIM communication and satisfy the satisfaction of self expression.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.2 s.98
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• pp.267-280
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• 2005

In this paper, we implement and verify XMIP integrating IETF Mobile IP and the Explicit Multicast mechanism for a great number of small group multicast communications. U a source node sends Xcast packets explicitly inserting destination nodes into the headers, each Xcast router decides routes and forwards the packets toward each destination node based on unicast routing table without the support of multicast trees. n is a straightforward and simple multicast mechanism just based on a unicast routing table without maintaining multicast states because of the inheritance from the Explicit Multicast mechanism. This research modifies and extends the functionality of IETF Mobile IP's mobility agents, such as HA/FA to HA+/FA+ respectively, considering interworking with Xcast networks. Xcast packets captured by HA+ are forwarded into X-in-X tunnel interfaces for each FA+ referred to the binding table of HA.. This X-in-X tunneling mechanism can effectively solve the traffic concentration problem of IETF Mobile IP multicast services. Finally WLAN-based testbed is built and a multi-user Instant messenger system is developed as a Xcast application for finally verify the feasibility of the implemented XMIP/Xcast protocols.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.8 s.350
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

We design and implement explicit mobile multicast, named XMIP, by enhancing explicit multicast for a great number of small group multicast communications. XMIP is a straightforward multicast mechanism without maintaining multicast states due to the inheritance from the explicit multicast based on a unicast routing. This research modifies and extends the functionality of each mobility agent of IETF Mobile IP for interworking XMIP XMIP Packets captured by an extended home agent are forwarded to each extended foreign agent through nested tunnels, named X-in-X tunnels, made by the binding table of the extended home agent. X-in-X tunneling mechanism can effectively solve the serious traffic concentration problems of Mobile IP multicast specifications. Finally heterogeneous mobile networks as an XMIP testbed including CDMA2000 1X EV-DO and WLAN are actually established, and a multi-user instant messenger system for small group communications is developed for verifying the feasibility of the proposed protocols.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.311-325
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• 2016

The communication via MIM(Mobile Instant Messenger) has unique characteristics; one of them is use of emoticons. Although using emoticons in MIM is getting a lot of attention from business fields and emoticons markets in MIM is growing rapidly, there are little researches focused on emoticons in MIM in consumer behaviors and marketing area. So, the purpose of this study is to fill this theoretical and practical gap. For this purpose, we explore the effect of and trust in MIM system and attitude toward use of emoticons on purchase intention to emotions in MIM. Our study used structural equation modeling analysis; the results showed that perceived benefits and perceived risk to MIM affected trust in MIM system significantly, more specifically, while perceived benefits affected trust in MIM system positively, perceived risk affected trust in MIM system negatively. We also found that perceived usefulness of emoticon in MIM and flow experience influenced attitude toward use of emoticons positively. Lastly, trust in MIM system and attitude toward use of emoticons had positive effect on purchase intention to emoticons in MIM. The implication and limitations of this study are also discussed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.27-44
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• 2016

In recent year, graphic emoticons in MIM(Mobile Instant Messenger) play an important role not as a valuable communication methods, but as main business model for MIM service providers. Although the graphic emoticons in MIM are regarded as a commercial product, there has been little systematic research reflecting consumers' perspectives. In order to fill this theoretical and practice gap, the study is designed to explore the structural relationships among emoticon use motives, attitude, and purchasing intention to emoticons in context of MIM. The results showed that emoticon use motives in MIM were composed of two main factors, perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment. And we also verified that both perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment positively impact flow in communication with using emoticons and social influence. Lastly, flow and social influence were positively related to attitude toward using emoticons and attitude also was related to purchase intention to emoticons in MIM, positively. However, flow and social influence did not have a positive influence on purchase intention to emoticons directly. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

I made an analysis on the case of Kakao Talk, which is Korean top mobile instant messaging service, to find the growth potential of Korean Social Network Service in the global market. First, I found that unlike the PC messenger services, Kakao Talk is not only unlimited in mobile IM service provider but also has evolving into a social network service firm. Second, attempts with a variety of social services such as photo-based Kakao Story and Marketing Platform for Mobile Game, Kakao Talk successfully landed as a SNS company. Third, with 'Plus Friends' Service, soon-to-be launched Avatar and App Market Service, Kakao Talk is evolving into social media and social platforms. The big success of Kakao Talk in Korean market is expanding and reproducing into Japanese and Southeast Asian markets through the 'Line' serviced by NHN. Line is applying the proven success stories of Kakao Talk to the Japanese and Southeast Asian markets. It means that Kakao and Line, both are mobile IM services, have raised the possibility of success in the global SNS market although online web-based SNS Cyworld has failed in the global market.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-159
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether a mobile health (mhealth) intervention is effective in reducing weight and changing dietary behavior among employees with overweight and obesity. The study also investigated whether engagement with the intervention affected its effectiveness. Methods: The intervention involved the use of a dietary coaching app, a wearable device for monitoring physical activity and body composition, and a messenger app for communicating with participants and an intervention manager. A total of 235 employees were recruited for a 12-week intervention from eight workplaces in Korea. Questionnaire surveys, anthropometric measurements, and 24-h dietary recalls were conducted at baseline and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, significant decreases in the mean body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were observed. Furthermore, the consumption frequencies of multigrain rice and legumes significantly increased, whereas those of pork belly, instant noodles, processed meat, carbonated beverages, and fast food significantly decreased compared with those at baseline. The mean dietary intake of energy and most nutrients also decreased after the intervention. When the participants were categorized into three groups according to their engagement level, significant differences in anthropometric data, dietary behaviors, and energy intake were observed following the intervention, although there were no differences at baseline, indicating that higher engagement level led to greater improvements in weight loss and dietary behavior. Conclusions: The intervention had positive effects on weight loss and dietary behavior changes, particularly among employees with higher engagement levels. These results indicate the importance of increasing the level of engagement in the intervention to enhance its effectiveness. The mhealth intervention is a promising model for health promotion for busy workers with limited time.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.85-94
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently, Mobile technologies and devices including smart phones and tablets have increased the possibility of communicating with other people and sharing personal information without time and space restriction. In order to realize the market potential related to mobile technologies, a large number of internet services have been incorporated into mobile platforms. Especially, The number of MIM(Mobile Instant Messenger) users has been increasing dramatically and services using MIM platform also have diversified. In spite of drastic growth in markets related to MIM, there is little empirical research on MIM and users' behaviors. This study designed to examine the structural relationships among belongingness, loneliness, self-disclosure intention, system quality, and self-disclosure behavior in context of MIM. Research design, data, and methodology - Three hypotheses were about the relationship among belongingness, loneliness and self-disclosure intention. The other two hypotheses were about the moderating effect of system quality in the causal relationship between self-disclosure intention and self-disclosure behavior. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Research data were obtained from 330 undergraduate students who were KakaoTalk users and total 314 valid questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Results - The results from this study are as follow. First, the belongingness and the loneliness had a significant impact on self-disclosure intention in MIM. Second, the self-disclosure intention in MIM also had a positive impact on the self-disclosure behavior. Lastly, there is a moderating effect of the system quality in the relationship between the self-disclosure intention and self-disclosure behavior in MIM. Specifically, the higher system quality level was perceived, the positive effect of the self-disclosure intention in MIM on the self-disclosure behavior was greater. Conclusions - Based on the results from this study, academic and practical implications can be drawn. First, the study extends the scope of research about SNS through focusing on MIM to be classified by closed type SNS and identifies the relationship between emotion, behavioral intention and behaviors in MIM. Second, this study provides strategic guidelines to increase the efficiency for promotion activity. Limitations for the study also should be discussed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2019

This study confirms the responses of consumers when the composition of emoticon bundles can be selected by individuals in MIM service. This aims to verify that customized bundling is a valid marketing strategy in the MIM emoticon market. Currently, the emoticon bundling used in Korean MIM services is in the form of pure bundling. As a result, Consumers must purchase an entire bundle even though he/she doesn't need to use all the emoticons contained in it. Some researches(e.g. Hitt & Chen, 2005; Wu & Anandalingam, 2002) show that when consumers value only part of the products or services included in pure bundling, customized bundling is much more profitable. In their works, customized bundling is appropriate when marginal costs are near zero. Information goods, such as emoticons, meet the condition. On the other hand, customized bundling increase the choosable options, so it can pose a problem of complexity (Blecker et al., 2004). And consumers may experience information overload(Huffman & Kahn, 1998). Thus, judgement on the necessity to introduce customized bundling needs to be made through empirical analyses in the light of characteristics of the product and the reaction of consumers. Results show that when customized bundling was introduced, consumers' purchase intention and willingness to pay significantly increased. Purchase intention for customized bundles has increased by 0.44 based on the five point Likert scale than the purchase intention for existing pure bundles. The increase in purchase intention for customized bundles was statistically independent of the existing purchasing experience. In addition, the willingness to pay was increased by about 2.8% compared to the price of the existing emoticon bundles in the whole group. The group with experience in purchasing pure bundles were willing to pay 5.9% more than pure bundles. The other group without experience in purchasing pure bundles were willing to buy if they were about 5% cheaper than the existing price. Overall, introducing customized bundling into emoticon bundles can lead to positive consumers responses and be a viable marketing strategy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.419-438
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• 2023

Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of personalized goal setting and smartphone-based nutrition counseling among adults in their 20s and 30s. Methods: Nutrition counseling was conducted for a total of 30 adults through a 1:1 chat room of a mobile instant messenger, once a week for 8 weeks. The first week of counseling included a preliminary online questionnaire survey and a dietary intake survey. Based on the results of the preliminary survey, 2 dietary goals were set in the second week and the participants were asked to record their achievements on a daily checklist. From the third week onwards, counselors sent feedback messages based on the checklist and provided information on dietary guidelines in a card news format every week. Post-counseling questionnaires and dietary intake surveys were conducted in the seventh week. Changes in dietary habits during the counseling were reviewed in the eighth week, followed by a questionnaire survey on the evaluation of the counseling process. Results: The nutrition quotient (NQ) scores and self-efficacy scores were significantly higher after nutrition counseling. The NQ scores of consumption frequencies of fruits, milk and dairy products, nuts, fast food, Ramyeon, sweet and greasy baked products, sugarsweetened beverages, the number of vegetable dishes at meals, and breakfast frequency were significantly higher after nutrition counseling. The intake of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, calcium, and iron, and the index of nutritional quality of vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, calcium, and iron were higher after nutrition education. The participants were satisfied with the nutrition counseling program and the provided nutrition information. Conclusion: Personalized goal setting and smartphone-based nutrition counseling were found to be effective in improving the quality of diet and self-efficacy in young adults. Similar results were obtained in both the underweight/normal weight and the overweight/obese groups.