• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 1992

To determine the use of waste materials as root zone soil mixtures for turfgrass culture, the effects of paper mill sludge and briquet ash on physical and chemical properties of soil and growth of turfgrasses were examined. Three turfgrass species of zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonicaSteud.). kentycky bluegrass(Poa pratensis L. 'Ram I') and creeping bentgrass(Agrostis panistris Huds 'Persucross') were cultured in 32cm diameter plastic pots containing various soil mixtures. The basic ingredients used for mixtures included sand(SD), field soil(SL), paper mill sludge(PS), sphagnum peat moss(PM) and briquet ash(BA). Seven combinations using these ingreients were mixed in different percentage by volume as follows: SD+SL+PM(80:10.10), SH+SL+PS(80:10:10), SD-PM(80:20), SD+PS (80:20), SD+BA(80:20), SD+BA+PM(60:20:20) and SD+BA+PS(60:20:20). 1. Paper mill sludge showed pH of 6.6, more than 30% of organic matter content, and higher concentrations of total N, P, k, Ca, Mg and CEC. Bulk density, fild moisture capacity and electrical conductivity of soil mixtures were increased by the comimation of 10~20% PS by volume. 2. Briquet ash showed pH of 8.0, and higher levels of P, k, Ca and Mg than those of field soiks. Bulk density, field moisture capacity and hardenss of soil mixtures were increased but vertical water flow rate and electrical conductivity were decreased by the combination of 20% BA by volume. 3. Phytotoxic effects of PS and BA on growth of turfgrasses were not found. Shoot growth of all three species was higher in soil combination of SD+BA+PS than that of SD+SL+PM added with fertilizer. However, root growth was better in soil mixtures combined with PM. Soil mixtureomposed of 60% SD, 20% BA and 20% PS by volume was most effective on growth of all three species. 4. Paper mill sludge resulted in higher N level in the leaf tissue. The contents of heavy metals such as Cd and Ph did not vary significantly among soil mixtures and species. However, the Mn level was 2~3 times higher in plants growh in mixtures containing PM compared with others, and especially it was higher in creeping bentgrass than other species.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 2008

To produce asphalt mixtures at temperature significantly below $135^{\circ}C$, called "Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)", new technologies are currently being developed worldwide. To produce WMA mixtures in this research, foaming technology is adopted to effectively disperse asphalt binder at lower temperature than hot mix asphalt (HMA) in the field. The main objectives of this study are to develop WMA process using foaming technology (WMA-foam) and evaluate its performance characteristics under various temperatures and loading conditions. WMA-foam mixtures were produced by injecting PO 64-22 foamed asphalt into warm aggregates whereas WMA mixtures were produced by adding PO 64-22 asphalt (without foaming) in the warm aggregates. Both dynamic modulus and flow number of WMA-foam mixtures were higher than those of WMA mixtures. Based on the limited dynamic modulus and repeated load test results, it is concluded that the WMA-foam mixtures using warm aggregates at $100^{\circ}C$ are more resistant to fatigue cracking and rutting than WMA mixtures.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2021

A mixture of alcohol and water is commonly used as antifreeze, liquor, and the fundamental solvents for the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and inks in our daily life. Since various properties of alcohol water mixtures such as density, boiling or melting point, viscosity, and dielectric constant are determined by their mixing ratio, it is very important to know the mixing ratio to predict their properties. One of simple method to find the mixing ratio is measuring the density of the mixtures. However, it is not easy to predict the mixing ratio from the density of the mixtures because the relationship between mixing ratio and density has not been established well. The relationship is dependent on the relative sizes of solute and solvent molecules, and their interactions. Recently, an empirical model to predict the density of glycerol water mixture from their mixing ratio has been introduced. The suggested model is simple but quite accurate for glycerol water mixture. In this article, we investigated the applicability of this model to different alcohol water mixtures. Densities for six different alcohol water mixtures containing various alcohols (e.g., ethylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol) were simulated and compared to experimentally measured ones to investigate the applicability of the model proposed for glycerol water mixtures to other alcohol water mixtures. The model predicted the actual density of all alcohol water mixtures tested in this article with high accuracy at various ratios. This model can probably be used to predict the mixing ratio of other alcohol water mixtures from their densities beyond 6 alcohols tested in this article from their densities.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.56 no.9
• /
• pp.3884-3897
• /
• 2024

This study investigates the creep behavior of bentonite-sand mixtures as potential buffer materials for low-level radioactive waste (LLW) repositories, with a specific case study in Taiwan. To assess the long-term hydro-mechanical properties, constant-volume swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, strain-controlled shear, and stress-controlled shear tests were conducted on MX80 and KV1 bentonite-sand mixtures. The experimental results indicate that MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures are prioritized as the buffer materials with 2.10 MPa swelling pressure and 1 × 10^-13 m/s hydraulic conductivity. However, the shear strength of mixtures was reduced by almost 50 % when fully saturated. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel stress-controlled direct shear apparatus to retrieve the creep model parameters. The numerical method based on the creep model efficiently supports and simulates the saturation process and creep displacement. The finite element method (FEM) result predicts that the buffer of both bentonite-sand mixtures will achieve an average degree of saturation of 95 % at the end of three decades and full saturation in 100 years. The simulated creep displacement results at key nodes suggest that both top and bottom parts in the buffer, assembled from MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures or KV1-sand 70/30 mixtures, will have almost equivalent values of 4 mm in the horizontal and 2 mm in the vertical directions eventually.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.639-655
• /
• 2017

The binary mixture consists of two types of granular media with different physical attributes and sizes, which can be characterized by the percentage of large granules by weight (P) and the particle size ratio (${\alpha}$). Researchers determine that two thresholds ($P_S$ and $P_L$) exist for the peak shear strength of binary mixtures, i.e., at $P{\leq}P_S$, the peak shear strength is controlled by the small granules; at $P{\leq}P_L$, the peak shear strength is controlled by the large granules; at $P_S{\leq}P{\leq}P_L$, the peak shear strength is governed by both the large and small granules. However, the thresholds of binary mixtures with different ${\alpha}$ values, and the explanation related to the inner details of binary mixtures to account for why these thresholds exist, require further confirmation. This paper considers the mechanical behavior of binary mixtures with DEM analysis. The thresholds of binary mixtures are found to be strongly related to their coordination numbers $Z_L$ for all values of ${\alpha}$, where $Z_L$ denotes the partial coordination number only between the large particles. The arrangement structure of the large particles is examined when P approaches the thresholds, and a similar arrangement structure of large particles is formed in both 2D and 3D particle systems.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of benzobicyclon mixtures by using Remote-controlled aerial application (RCAA) to control annual and perennial weeds in rice paddy field. Eight annual weed species including Echinochloa crus-galli L. and three perennial weeds were dominated in the experimental field. Application of benzobicyclon mixtures using RCAA was highly effective to control both annual and perennial weed species. When compared with untreated control, no visual injuries were detected at single and double dosage of benzobicyclon mixtures. Finally, rice yield in the benzobicyclon mixtures was as much as that in the hand weeding. This study indicates that benzobicyclon mixtures using RCAA can be applied to control both annual and perennial weed species in rice paddy field.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2017

PURPOSES : This research was a laboratory study for evaluating the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixture added developed rejuvenator for warm mix recycling. Waste asphalt mixtures occupy about 18.2% of construction wastes in Korea. Moreover, most rejuvenators were imported from Europe or the U.S. Therefore, improving usage of RAP with a developed rejuvenator material provides environmental protection at a reduced cost. METHODS : The specimen used for this experiment was performed by only using RAP. A suitable rejuvenator for Target PG was then added. In addition, a conventional rejuvenator was selected to compare performance and specimens introduced with the same procedure as the developed rejuvenator was prepared. In order to evaluate rutting resistance and water susceptibility, we conducted a deformation strength test, a tensile strength ratio test, and a dynamic immersion test with the prepared mixtures. RESULTS :Laboratory test results indicated that both the developed additive and conventional additive improved performance of the recycled asphalt mixtures compared to mixtures without the rejuvenator. In addition, the deformation strength test and TSR test results satisfied standards for domestic recycling asphalt mixtures. The dynamic immersion test showed that the developed rejuvenator has superior scaling resistance than the conventional rejuvenator. CONCLUSIONS : In terms of rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility, the warm mix recycled asphalt mixtures with the developed rejuvenator appeared to effectively recovered performance.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.7
• /
• pp.979-988
• /
• 2009

Tensioned metastable fluids provide a powerful means for low-cost, efficient detection of a wide range of nuclear particles with spectroscopic capabilities. Past work in this field has relied on one-component liquids. Pure liquids may provide very good detection capability in some aspects, such as low thresholds or large radiation interaction cross sections, but it is rare to find a liquid that is a perfect candidate on both counts. It was hypothesized that liquid mixtures could offer optimal benefits and present more options for advancement. However, not much is known about radiation-induced thermal-hydraulics involving destabilization of mixtures of tensioned metastable fluids. This paper presents results of experiments that assess key thermophysical properties of liquid mixtures governing fast neutron radiation-induced cavitation in liquid mixtures. Experiments were conducted by placing liquid mixtures of various proportions in tension metastable states using Purdue's centrifugally-tensioned metastable fluid detector (CTMFD) apparatus. Liquids chosen for this study covered a good representation of both thermal and fast neutron interaction cross sections, a range of cavitation onset thresholds and a range of thermophysical properties. Experiments were devised to measure the effective liquid mixture viscosity and surface tension. Neutron-induced tension metastability thresholds were found to vary non-linearly with mixture concentration; these thresholds varied linearly with surface tension and inversely with mixture vapor pressure (on a semi-log scale), and no visible trend with mixture viscosity nor with latent heat of vaporization.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 1994

An experimental study on heat pump cycle systematizing characteristics for non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R-22+R-114 was reported. Data were obtained under steady state condition at the ranges of parameters, 550- 2, 170kcal/h, 670-2, 990kcal/h, 24-71kg/h, and 0-1, for as cooling capacity, heating capacity, mass 25, 50, 75, and 100 per cent of R-22 by weight fraction for R-22+R-114 mixtures. The results shown that the C.O.P of the 50wt% of R-22 mixture was considerably larger than for pure R-22 and other weight fraction of R-22 mixtures, but the compression power of the 25wt% of R-22 was lower than that of the pure R-22 and the other weight fraction of R-22 mixtures. The hightest value of cooling capacity was obtained at the conditions of evaporating temperature 5.deg.C and R-22 50wt% mixture. In general, with an increase in the R-22 weight fraction for fixed values of the other parameter, the cooling capacity increased at first, obtained a maximum, and then decreasd. This verified the importance of accurate weight fractions od refrigerant mixtures in the heat pump cycle.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2019

Various commercial collagen mixtures aimed at improving the quality of meat products are available, but the optimal composition is unclear. This study aimed to compare the functional properties, including physicochemical characteristics and lipid oxidative stability, of loin ham marinated with three commercial collagen mixtures sold as food additives. The addition of collagen mixtures led to significant increases in the moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield, and instrumental tenderness, regardless of the type of collagen mixture. In particular, meat samples containing collagen mixture C showed the highest (p<0.05) WHC and tenderness among all groups. Furthermore, collagen mixture B induced increases (p<0.05) in pH values in both raw and cooked samples. The $a^*$ values of samples with collagen mixtures were lower (p<0.05) than those of samples without collagen mixtures. All collagen mixtures effectively improved oxidative stability during 7 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The samples containing collagen mixture B had the lowest lipid oxidation (p<0.05) among groups. These results indicated that collagen mixture C could be used in injection brine to enhance the quality characteristics of meat products, particularly the WHC and tenderness. Collagen mixture A could be used for meat products with high fat contents based on its ability to improve lipid oxidative stability during long-term storage.