• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1983

Vegetatiion structure and population dynamcis of pine needle gall midge were investigated from 1980 to 1982 at the southern part of Palgong mountain near Daegu. The results of investigation at the areas of A (pure stand), B(30% mixed forest) adn C(60% mixed forest) were as follow; Vegeation of 3 areas were not classified by the species diversity, but by the unequal distribution of Alnus hirsuta, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Quercus variabilis and vitality of Pinus densiflora at the area C was low, due to shadow by broad-leaf trees. Soil environmental factors at 3 areas not characteristic, but the average of humus contents showed high significance and the order was A

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Decay and mold resistance of zinc borate (ZB) and calcium borate (CB) modified oriented strandboard (OSB) from southern mixed hardwood and southern yellow pine was investigated in this study. Brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and white-rot fungus Trametes versicolar were used to examine the decay resistance of the OSB. The OSB test specimens were colonized by brown and white rot fungal mycelium in both the brown and white-rot culture bottles after 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. The wood species and fungus type had the significant effects on the decay resistance. Brown rot decay was evident for all untreated southern pine and mixed hardwood controls. The white-rot decay, however, did not show significant weight loss at both species control samples. The incorporation of ZB and CB composites provides suitable protection against brown-and white-rot fungi. No significant weight loss was observed from the borate treated OSB.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2023

Handling missing values in data analysis is essential in constructing a good prediction model. The easiest way to handle missing values is to use complete case data, but this can lead to information loss within the data and invalid conclusions in data analysis. Imputation is a technique that replaces missing data with alternative values obtained from information in a dataset. Conventional imputation methods include K-nearest-neighbor imputation and multiple imputations. Recent methods include missForest, missRanger, and mixgb ,all which use machine learning algorithms. This paper compares the imputation techniques for datasets with mixed datatypes in various situations, such as data size, missing ratios, and missing mechanisms. To evaluate the performance of each method in mixed datasets, we propose a new imputation performance measure (IPM) that is a unified measurement applicable to numerical and categorical variables. We believe this metric can help find the best imputation method. Finally, we summarize the comparison results with imputation performances and computational times.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2009

물 부족으로 인해 수자원의 확보와 효율적인 관리의 중요성이 커지고 있음에도 불구하고, 물 수지 분석에서 증발산은 다른 성분에 비해 직접 관측이 어려워 물수지 방정식으로부터 어림되거나 단순한 가정이나 경험식으로부터 추정된다. 그러나 이러한 방법들은 오차가 커서 증발산의 신뢰도를 높이려면 직접 관측이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 설마천 유역의 혼효림의 증발산을 정량화하기위해 2007년 9월부터 2008년 12월까지 에디 공분산 방법을 사용하여 증발산을 직접 측정하였다. 혼효림의 증발산은 성장기(5-7월)에는 평균 $2.2mm\;d^{-1}$, 비성장기인 겨울에는 $0.5mm\;d^{-1}$였다. 2008년 한 해동안의 총 증발산량은 $581mm\;y^{-1}$로 연 강수량(1997mm)의 약 1/3을 차지하였다. 2007년과 2008년에 관측이 겹치는 기간(9-12월)동안 적산된 증발산 총량은 2008년 가을의 강수량과 강수빈도가 2007년의 같은 기간에 비해 적었음에도 불구하고 두 기간 모두${\sim}110mm$로 다르지 않았다. 산림과 대기간의 분리(decoupling) 정도를 나타내는 오메가 인자는 평균 0.5로서 평형증발산과 부과증발산이 전체 증발산에 기여하는 정도가 크게 다르지 않았다. 이는 증발산이 순복사, 포차, 기공전도도 등에 의해 골고루 영향을 받고 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 실측에 근거한 증발산 자료를 토대로 설마천 유역의 혼효림에서 증발산이 물수지에서 차지하는 기여도를 조사하였고, 향후 유출량과 함께 사용될때 설마천 산림유역의 물수지 분석의 신뢰도을 향상시킬 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2011

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

In order to supplement insufficient nutrients of paper sludges, additional materials such as saw dust and rice husk were added during preparation of bed soils. Rice husk was more finely ground, compared to saw dust. The fine particles of the rice husk prevented their flow in a barrel of the expander. The mixed additives with paper sludges could be used to control the quantity of required nutrients for raising plants. That is, except for potassium and manganese, most of nutrients were decreased with adding the additives to paper sludge. The acidity of the paper sludges mixed with the saw dust or the rice husk was a little decreased with the increased amount of the additives. Differently from the bulk density of the paper sludges, the moisture content and the water absorption rate of the paper sludges were incremented with increasing the additives.

• 대기
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2009

To improve the performance of climate and numerical models, concerns on the land-atmosphere schemes are steadily increased in recent years. For the realistic calculation of land-atmosphere interaction, a land surface information of high quality is strongly required. In this study, a new land cover map over the Korean peninsula was developed using MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. The seven phenological data set (maximum, minimum, amplitude, average, growing period, growing and shedding rate) derived from 15-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used as a basic input data. The ISOData (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis), a kind of unsupervised non-hierarchical clustering method, was applied to the seven phenological data set. After the clustering, assignment of land cover type to the each cluster was performed according to the phenological characteristics of each land cover defined by USGS (US. Geological Survey). Most of the Korean peninsula are occupied by deciduous broadleaf forest (46.5%), mixed forest (15.6%), and dryland crop (13%). Whereas, the dominant land cover types are very diverse in South-Korea: evergreen needleleaf forest (29.9%), mixed forest (26.6%), deciduous broadleaf forest (16.2%), irrigated crop (12.6%), and dryland crop (10.7%). The 38 in-situ observation data-base over South-Korea, Environment Geographic Information System and Google-earth are used in the validation of the new land cover map. In general, the new land cover map over the Korean peninsula seems to be better classified compared to the USGS land cover map, especially for the Savanna in the USGS land cover map.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

Background: Identifying suitable site for growing mountain-cultivated ginseng is a concern for ginseng producers. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil properties of cultivation sites for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Hamyang-gun, which is one of the most well-known areas for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea. Methods: The sampling plots from 30 sites were randomly selected on or near the center of the ginseng growing sites in July and August 2009. Soil samples for the soil properties analysis were collected from the top 20 cm at five randomly selected points. Results: Mountain-cultivated ginseng was grown in soils that varied greatly in soil properties on coniferous, mixed, and deciduous broad-leaved stand sites of elevations between > 200mand < 1,000 m. The soil bulk density was higher in Pinus densiflora than in Larix leptolepis stand sites and higher in the < 700-m sites than in > 700-m sites. Soil pH was unaffected by the type of stand sites (pH 4.35-4.55), whereas the high-elevation sites of > 700mwere strongly acidified, with pH 4.19. The organic carbon and total nitrogen content were lower in the P. densiflora stand sites than in the deciduous broad-leaved stand sites. Available phosphorus was low in all of the stand sites. The exchangeable cationwas generally higher in the mixed and low-elevation sites than in the P. densiflora and high-elevation sites, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea is able to grow in very acidic, nutrient-depleted forest soils.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.386-395
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• 1992

솔껍질깍지벌레의 발생 상황은 피해만연지대(남서해안 및 도서지역), 피해확대지역(해안지역에서 내륙지대로, 해안에 연하여 북상)으로 구분되었다. 남부해안지대에 곰솔을 집중적으로 가해하는 솔껍질깍지벌레는 Matsucoccus thunbergianae로 조사되었으며 연 1회 발생하며 발생시기는 3월 초순~5월 초순에 걸쳐 소나무껍질밑으로부터 교미산란하기 위하여 외부로 출현하였으며 그 peak는 3월 하순~4월 중순이었다. 기주식물의 기주범위조사에서 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii)외에 스트로브잣나무(Pinus strobus), 테어데소나무(Pinus taeda), 방크스소나무(Pinus banksiana), 맛소니아소나무(Pinus massoniana), 타이완네시스소나무(Pinus taiwannesis), 소나무(Pinus densiflora)등 7종이 구명되었다. 피해목의 수령별 피해율은 1~3년생 0.8%, 4~6년생 3.7%, 7~9년생 5.2%, 10~12년생 9.3%, 13~15년생 8.1%, 16~18년생 7.8%, 19~21년생 6.7%, 22~24년생 3.3%, 25~27년생 1.9%, 28년생이상 1.1%로 7년생에서 20년생까지의 수령에서 피해율이 가장 높았고 피해목 가지의 수령별 피해율은 6~7년생가지에서 가장 높았으며 수간에서는 중간부위의 가지가 생존하는 하단부로부터 상위부로 피해가 진전되었다. 조사지대에서의 단순림/혼효림의 혼효도에 의해 피해율은 지역별 각각 고흥 : 81.3%/52.5%, 해남 : 80.3%/58.1%, 무안 : 76.3%/48.5%로 단순림에서 피해가 많았다. 입목밀도에 따른 피해율은 100$m^2$당 20주이상의 밀도가 높아짐에 따라 피해율이 높았다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.187-191
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• 1994

단일 조사구에 의한 삼림군집구조 조사시 교목층의 적정 조사구면적을 결정하기 위하여 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 소나무, 굴참나무 등이 혼효하고 있는 덕유산지역 혼효림군집의 교목층을 대상으로 nested design에 의하여 19개의 조사구를 설치한 후 종수-면적 곡선, performance curve등을 적용하였다. 종수-면적 곡선에 있어서 조사구면적의 증가율보다 출현종수의 증가율이 낮은 최소 조사구 면적은 500$m^2$이었으며, 조사구 면적의 증가율에 비하여 출현종수의 증가율이 1/2이하인 최소 조사구 면적은 1,000$m^2$이었다. Performance curve를 작성한 결과 조사구 면적 900$m^2$ 이상에서 주요 수종의 중요치가 일정한 경향으로 구분되었으며, 조사구 면적 500$m^2$에 인접한 소나무 대 경목을 제외할 경우 조사구 면적 500$m^2$ 이상에서 일정한 경향으로 구분될 것으로 추정되었다. 종다양도는 조사구 면적 400$m^2$ 이상에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 전체 조사구 면적에 대한 유사도지수는 조사구 면적 900$m^2$, 400$m^2$ 이상에서 각각 90, 85% 이상의 값을 보였다. 이상의 결과와 본 조사지의 경우 혼효율이 비교적 높은 삼림군집임을 고려할 때 삼림군집구조 조사를 위한 단일 조사구의 면적은 일반적인 경우 500$m^2$, 보다 정확성을 요구할 경우 대체로 1,000$m^2$가 적정 최소 면적이라고 할 수 있었다.