• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
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• pp.79-85
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• 1990

The aqueous extract of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) contains a macromolecular fraction that showed mitogenic and comitogenic activities in human peripheral blood Iymphocytes. Purification of the crude extract by size (ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-200) and charge (DEAE-cellulose. DEAE-Sepharose) yielded a semi-purified fraction (DS-3). This fraction contains at least three subgroups of anionic macromolecules with apparent molecular weight greater than 600 kilodaltons. It is a glycoprotein with a large amount of glucuronic acid. It acts as a mitogen in both T and B cells of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. It could also potentiate the mitogenic action of Concanavalin A in Iymphocyte T cells. Such potentiation is not due to increased binding of Concanavalin A to the cell surface. Its mitogenic and co-mitogenic effects do depend on the presence of extracellular Ca2+.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.221-227
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• 1990

The aqueous extract of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) contains a macromolecular fraction that showed mitogenic and co-mitogenic activities in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Purification of the crude extract by size (ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-200) and charge (DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sepharose) yielded a semi.purified fraction (DS-3). This fraction contains at least three subgroups of anionic macromolecules with apparent molecular weight greater than 600 kilodaltons. It is a glycoprotein with a large amount of glucuronic acid. It acts as a mitogen in both T and B cells of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. It could also potentiate the mitogenic action of Concanavalin A in lymphocyte T cells. Such potentiation is not due to increased binding of Concanavalin A to the cell surface. Its mitogenic and co-mitogenic effects do depend on the presence of extracellular Ca2+.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1997

1. CWPC중의 새로운 생리활성물질의 검색 Mouse 임파세포의 증식효과를 지표로 하는 면역기능을 검토하여 CWPC중의 면역 부활작용을 갖는 새로운 성분의 검색을 실시하였다. CWPC를 여러 가지 분획법으로 분획하여 mouse 임파세포의 증식효과를 지표로 면역 활성성분을 검색하였다. 그 결과 gel filtration, 음이온교환법을 사용하여 분획한 당을 다량 포함한 부분에 강한 면역 부활담당세포에 대하여 증식활성을 나타내는 물질을 발견하였다. 이 물질은 SDS-PAGE상에서 분자량이 약 16kDa에 위치하여 Ca, p및 당쇄를 포함한 물질이며, 이것을 GPP로 하였다. GPP에는 우유케이신의 trypsin분해물이며 Ca와 무기인을 풍부하게 포함하는 ${\beta}$-CPP와 유사한 phosphoserin 영역을 갖는 성분과 갖지 않는 성분의 2종류가 존재하며, 각각의 면역 부활활성이 인정되었다. 각 성분의 아미노산 분석, 당 분석의 결과에서 지금까지 보고된 우유중의 면역담당세포에 대한 증식활성을 갖는 물질과는 상이한 성분인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 더우기 이 활성물질(GPP)은 PP cell에서도 동등한 활성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 보면 CWPC중에는 지금까지 알려지지 않았던 새로운 면역 부활물질이 존재하며, 그 성분에는 CPP와 유사한 phophoserine영역이 존재하는 성분이 포함되어 있고, N-글리코실 결합의 당쇄가 존재하는 것으로 시사되었다. 이 성분은 전신면역의 지표인 비장세포에 대해서만이 아니고, 장관면역계에 중요한 역할을 담당하는 PP Cell에서도 활성이 있는 것으로 보아 전신 및 국부적인 면역기능의 부활성분으로서 응용의 가능성이 시사되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.330-337
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• 1990

The crude polysaccharide from Panax ginseng prepared by hot water extration and precipiation with ethanol was further fractionated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE- cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The chemical compositions were 85.0% carbohydrorate and 15.0% protein for the neutral fraction, and 28.4% carbohydrate, 10.0% protein and 29.0% uronic acid for the acidic fraction. The acidic fraction was more effective in increasing of the ratio of spleen to body weight, the number of antibody secreting cells to SRBC and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system, as well as antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice than the neutral fraction. All polysaccharide fractions were mitogenic to cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, FA was different from FN in the co-mitogenicities with lectin mitogens. Both crude and acidic fractions potentiated remarkably the mitogenic activity of PHA-P or LPS in dose-dependent manner but neutral fraction enhanced only that of LPS. Three polysaccharide fractions had no effect on that of Con A. These results suggest that the acidic fraction may stimulate B and Td cells as well as macrophages while the neutral fraction may simulate only B cells and macropages.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 1998

Peroxisome proliferators induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hepatic tumors in rodents. These chemicals increase the expression of the peroxisomal $\beta$-oxidation pathway and the cytochrome P-450 4A family, which metabolizes lipids, including eicosanoids. Peroxisome proliferators transiently induce increased cell proliferation in vivo. However, peroxisome proliferators are weakly mitogenic and are not co-mitogenic with epidermal growth factor (EGF) in cultured hepatocytes. Earlier study found that the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate is cornitogenic with eicosanoids. In order to study possible mechanisms of the comitogenicity of peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate and eicosanoids' we hypothesized that the co-mitogenicity may result from synergistic or additive increases of second messengers in mitogenic signal pathways. We therefore examined the effect of the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate, prostaglandin $F_2_{\alpha}$($PGF_2{\alpha}$) and the combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ with or without growth factors on the protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate ($IP_{3-}$) and intracellular calcium ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) concentrations in cultured rat hepatocytes. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ significantly increased particulate PKC activity. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ also significantly increased EGF, transforming growth factor-$\alpha$ ($TGF_2{\alpha}$) and hepatic growth factor (HGF)-induced particulate PKC activity. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2_\alpha$greatly increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. However, the increases of PKC activity and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ alone were much smaller. Neither ciprofibrate or $PGF_2{\alpha}$ alone nor the combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ significantly increased the formation of $IP_3$. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$, however, blocked the inhibitory effect of $TGF-{\beta}$ on particulate PKC activity and formation of $IP_3$ induced by EGF. These results show that co-mitogenicity of the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate and eicosanoids may result from the increase in particulate PKC activity and intracellular calcium concentration but not from the formation of $IP_3$.

• 약학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.296-301
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on mitogenic responses in macrophages and splenocytes from murine, we examined the effects of representative protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Re\;and\;Rg_1$) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-(${\alpha}$) production in murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T cell proliferation in splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A). Among the ginsenosides tested, protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1\;and\;Rb_2$) significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose-dependent manner. However, protoppanaxatriol ginsenosides (Re and $Rg_1$) showed little inhibitory activity. The molar concentrations of $Rb_1\;and\;Rb_2$ producing 50% inhibition ($IC_{50}$) of TNF-${\alpha}$ production were $55.8{\mu}g/ml\;(48.0{\mu}M)\;and\;31.8{\mu}g/ml (27.9{\mu}M)$, respectively. As a positive control, prednisolone also exhibited inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $21.7{\mu}M$. In T cell proliferation, $Rg_1$, was not effective but $Rb_1$ and Re or $Rb_2$ significantly increased or inhibited at high concentration, 75 and $100{\mu}g/ml$. In contrast, prednisolone showed potent inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of 6.1nM. These results suggest that ginsenosides may take part in the mitogen-induced signaling pathway for TNF-${\alpha}$ production and T cell proliferation from macrophages and splenocytes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.379-381
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• 1992

Phellinus linteus was examined on its immunostimulating activities using an in vitro imunization and plaque forming cell assay. When lymphocytes were exposed to the extract of Phellinus linteus, the number of antibody forming cell was increased. In in vitro plaque forming cell assay, the immunostimulating effect was about 4.8 and 5.0 times of unimmunized control in polyconal and T-independent antibody response, respectively. Especially, Phellinus linteus significantly increased the antigenicity of TNP-LPS used as T-independent antigen. But Phellinus linteus did now show a mitogenic effect on B-lymphcytes. These results suggest that immunostimulating activity of Phillinus lintues might be associated with a functional stimulation of B-lympohocyte involved in humoral immune response.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.896-901
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• 2006

Zingiberis rhizoma(ZB) has been used to treat a various condition and disease in traditional oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of aqueous-extracted ZB(ZBE) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced immune suppression in mouse spleen cells. In spleen cell proliferation assay, ZBE enhanced mitogenic activity in mouse spleen cells. In RT-PCR, ZBE induced IL-2, IFNr and IL-6 cytokine gene expression in mouse spleen cells. In spite of MTX treatment, IL-2, IFNr and IL-6 gene expressions sustained in MTX treated spleen cells. CD45R/B220, pan B marker was slightly increased in ZBE treated mouse spleen cells. IL-6, B cell tropical cytokine, production was induced by ZBE-treated mouse spleen cells and IL-6 production was sustained on MTX-ZBE co-cultured cells. ZBE administration enhanced suNival of S-180 bearing mouse. These data indicate that ZBE has a protective effect of immune suppression caused by MTX, and ZBE may be enhance cellular and humoral function by regulate cytokine gene expression as well as the mitogenic effect on spleen cells.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1998

Fluoride (F), over a narrow concentration range, increases bone formation. Aluminum (Ai) too is biphasic in its action on bone, being mitogenic at very low levels and inhibitory at higher levels. Both F and Al are present in finished drinking water where the chemical interaction of these two agents is well characterized. F and AI, given individually, accumulate preferentially in bone. In addition. in vivo studies have shown that F causes the co-accumulation of Al in bone. Thus, it was necessary to determine the interactive effect of these two agents on bone mitogenesis. Calvaria were obtained from neonatal CD-1 mice and cultured with various concentrations of F (0.05~19 ppm) as NaF, Al (2 ppb~2 ppm) as $AlCl_3$ , or F and Al for 3 days at $37^{\circ}C$ on a rotating roller drum. Alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria and $\beta$-glucuronidase activity in culture medium were determined as a measures of bone turnover. Alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria was significantly increased by F (0.05~2 ppm) treatment and $\beta$-glucuronidase activity was slightly increased in the culture medium of calvaria treated with 0.3 ppm Al. The combination of 19 ppm F and 0.3 ppm Al increased alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria, but did not affect $\beta$-glucuronidase activity, suggesting the interactive effect of fluoride and aluminum on bone turnover.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2009

Objectives : This experiment was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects against lung metastasis and promotion of splenocytes by water-soluble components from five mushrooms extracts (WEFM): Garnoderma frondosa, Corious versicolor, Codyceps militaris, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinula edodes. Methods : Colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells were injected through the tail vein to induce lung metastatic cancer. Changes in weight of lung were observed and cytokine level was analyzed to evaluate immunological changes. Results : Oral administration of WEFM resulted in a significant inhibition of lung metastasis after intravenous injection of colon 26-L5 cells in a dose-dependent manner. There was also a significant increase in T cell and B cell mitogenic stimuli and production of IFN-g by splenocytes stimulated with Con A compared to untreated controls. Conclusion : WEFM may have anti-tumor activities via Th1-type dominant immune responses.