• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.399-407
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• 2008

The clamping of torque shear bolt is based on KS B 2819. It was misunderstood that the tension force of the TS bolt was induced generally at the break of pin-tail specified. However, the clamping forces on slip critical connections do not often meet the intended tension, as it considerably varies due to torque coefficient dependent on temperature variables despite the break of the pin tail. In this study, the tension of torque shear bolts were compared with two types of high-strength hexagon bolts by temperature parameters from ${-10^{\circ}C}$ to ${50^{\circ}C}$. Torque shear bolts showed that the average clamping force increased to 20kN as the temperature increased. In case of galvanized high-strength hexagon bolts, the average clamping forces at $0^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$ were recorded over standard bolt tension, 178kN, and the worst standard deviation was 50kN. In case of high-strength hexagon bolts, ave rage clamping forces increased as the temperature went up, and the worst standard deviation was 33kN lower than that of galvanized high-strength hexagon bolts. As for the turn-of-the-nut method, at nut rotation of ${90^{\circ}}$, two types of high-strength hexagon bolts did not met the intended design bolt in tension, 162kN.it is neccessary to re-evaluate the range of turn of nut, ${120^{\circ}{\pm}30^{\circ}}$.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.101-121
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• 2008

An artist, Oh Yun(1946~86)'s theory of people's art during his final period is summed up in his essay 'Expansion of Artistic Imagination and World' (1985). Emphasizing the mystic and traditional characteristics of Oh Yun's artistic oeuvre during his final period, some critics focus on Oh Yun's experience of medical treatment and shamanistic custom at Jin Do island, and his belief in Jeung San Do, the dao of Jeung-san, the Ruler of the Universe. However, they forget the practical intention and implication of his theory of art during his final period, which aimed to overcome the contradiction of revelation itself. Oh Yun's essay criticized the loss of artistic imagination and the ignorance of traditional culture that resulted from the elevation of science to a religion, and insisted that the stereotyped idealism, scientism and elitism in art should be overcome in order to recover the full reality in realism and to continue traditional cultures. The essay is comprised of 18 paragraphs. Oh Yun criticized monochromatic art, conceptual art, hyper-realistic art, objet d'art, and neo-dadaist art, saying that they were simply mechanical forms of modern art derived from scientism and a fetishistic lens culture. In addition, he criticized naturalism in art, which had continued as a tendency in the development of western art, for the same reason. He pointed out that even the world of realism had been diminished by elite stereotypes and diagrams. He declared the need to overcome the imitation of shells or stereotyped propaganda, and recover full realism, which seems to have started with a reflective examination of current problems in 'Reality and Utterance', in which he participated. Especially, he thought that universality and the extension of full realism could be achieved by building on the views of traditional cultures, which is meaningful. This logic is same as the theory of epic theatre that Bertolt Brecht(1898~1956) has developed under the ancient Greek masque and Pieter Bruegel the Elder(1525~69)'s story-like picture style. The universality of realism and the extension of acquisition to include incantation art, rather than move toward incantation art, is what Oh Yun intended to propose in 'Artistic Imagination'. This attitude is same as Bertoh Brecht's aesthetic viewpoint in the 1930s. But regrettably, Oh Yun's style wording, which seems covert and far-sighted, is often misunderstood as 'mysticism'. In the flow of people's art in the 1980s, Oh Yun was a traditionalist in a narrow sense, and an realist in a broad sense. However, his critical mind, which comprehends tradition and reality, was attempting to expand universality and extend full realism, and this attempt found many sympathizers and had an influence on the next generation of people's artists, such as "Levee" which is field-centered, to which we should pay attention. This means that while their works thought about 'tradition', we should be careful not to connect them with 'aesthetic conservatism' or 'classical art'. This is the why the meaning of Oh Yun's theory of art during his final period should be closely examined again.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.67-76
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• 2019

Purpose - The Korean child welfare services may have different feelings between providers and users. Few studies on the child welfare service quality have been conducted and research on the coorientation model of child welfare services are nonexistent. We compared the perceptions of Korean child welfare service providers and users in this study. It will have many applications in the service quality fields by applying a coorientation model. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to enhance user satisfaction with child welfare services, around 200 samples were carried out both in Busan and Kyungsangnamdo randomly. Seven point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. Two measurements were made to evaluate the different positions on the part of child welfare service providers and users to assess their mutual orientation. Paired t-test verification was conducted for congruency analysis, and the verification of agreement and accuracy was analyzed by independent t-tests. Results - We empirically examined the differences between the providers and the users stance. The results are as follows. We have verified the statistical significance of the difference in perception between providers and users. We also confirmed a degree of agreement, a degree of congruency, a degree of accuracy and a degree of meta agreement in the study. In the Korean child welfare service quality, the coorientation model of process quality appeared in the form of semi-dissensus, the coorientation model of results quality were shown in the form of ignorances and the coorientation model of physical environment quality were investigated in the form of semi-dissensus. Conclusion - The study concluded that users need to understand more about the providers in order to enhance the coorientation model in process quality and physical environmental quality, and the providers need to persuade the users clearly about the positive factors. To enhance the coorientation model of the result quality, it can be misunderstood by guessing that the other party will positively evaluate it. Therefore, users believe that they need to talk more clearly to the provider about the results of the korean child welfare service quality to reduce misunderstandings and to understand each other about the resulting quality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1994

This study was taken to increase efficiency in reviewing documents of school facilities from the network of ERIV(Educational Resources and Information Center, USA). Outline of the ERIC network, and the structure, role, function of the ERIC thesaurus are introduced. A thesaurus have developed for information retrieval purpose provides the filing labels which permit information to be stored by one person and retrieved by another. As an information system grows, its thesaurus is systematically built and refined to the point where it represents, in a very special sense, the vocabulary of subject field. The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors represents such a vocabulary for the field education. An understanding of its origins, its function and its limitations, is just as important to the teacher, the student of education or the educational researcher as it is for the indexer or custodian of the information pool it represents. If the Thesaurus is understood and used in an appropriate way, it can give all educators not only insight into the ERIC system but also an increased awareness of the language of their field. A great many terms are necessary to describe the many aspects of education, and the task of relating them in even an approximately consistent way is an enormous one. The undertaking should be managed by people who not only know what they are talking about but who also should be able to predict what people in their field are lilely to be talking about in the near future. It should also enlist people who are willing to pay term to another within the system. To engage a large number of these two kinds of people over a long period of time is very likely to cost a great deal of money. There is very little proprietary value in producing such a list of terms, for it can very easily be copied, adapted, updated, etc. Thus, because of its high cost and low proprietary value, it becomes a task likely to be funded only by a government. A government has many ways of spending its money. However, after the decision has been made to spend money to produce an authority list, one must decide how this authority is to be delegated. The history of the development of the ERIC Thesaurus is the history of how this authority was delegated. Scientific research has thrived on efforts to define terms as precisely as possible. It is difficult to say with certainty, however, that solutions to social problems have thrived on a simple diet of scientific research. Contemporary crises demand new and imaginative ways of conceiving problems and talking about them. If this Thesaurus or any other scheme for normalizing or controlling language inhibits in the slightest measure the creative use of language, it is against it use. Only if the principles and details of the Thesaurus are misunderstood can it be used as a constraint on language in a negative sense. Students of education of every kind should see the The-saurus as an opportunity to become increasingly self-conscious about their language and thus about their assumptions and their approaches to educational problems.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2003

A questionnaire on "atomic models and electron configuration" was performed on 34 of 11th grade and 38 of 12th grade students who took the Chemistry-II course in order to examine the degree of learning achievement. Also eight Chemistry-II textbooks published in the 6th curriculum were analyzed for the similarities and differences in dealing with this topic and possible improvements were discussed in conjunction with the questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire showed that the degree of learning achievement on the topics between two different classes were not much different in general, although a little difference was found. This indicates that the topics have been taught in early 11th grade but subsequent supplemental teaching has not been performed. To study on the topics of "atomic models and electron configuration" effectively and systematically, knowledge on the basic spectroscopy and quantum mechanics should be preceeded. However this could be practically difficult under the current high school curriculum. Therefore It would be necessary to describe the basic concepts for the quantum mechanics and spectroscopy schematically in the "Reference Materials" section of the textbook, even if it is not very long. On the other hand, the Chemistry-II textbooks analyzed in this work reveal, in general, to have the similar organization and explanation modes. However it has been analyzed that a connection between the Bohr and electron-cloud atomic models might be insufficient or position of electrons might be possible to be misunderstood by students in some textbooks.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.121-145
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to identify the misconceptions that students have on the magma and plate tectonics and to present the implications in developing textbooks as well as related curriculum of high school textbooks. Data were collected through questionnaire, consisting of some questions, short essays, and descriptive drawings, developed by the research team. A total of 140 high school students(9th graders) responded to those questionnaires and were interviewed for further information. It was reported that participants displayed various misconceptions related to magma and plate tectonics. The identified misconceptions are as follows: For the definition of magma, the 31% of participants misunderstood magma as lava. In respect to the generative mechanism of magma at subduction zone, over 90% of students responded that it is generated by frictional heat. The source of misconceptions were identified as a result from textbooks and related reference-books. For the concept of plates, 87% of students conceived 'crust or a lower part of the plates' as 'plates'. Most participants hold the right concept of oceanic ridge, whereas, 66% of them considered 'rift valley' as either 'divergence of continental plates' or 'converging boundary'. 63% of them defined 'collision boundary of continental plate' as either 'subduction zone' or 'diverging boundary'. For the definitions of the trench and Benioff zone, 86% of students responded them as the place of subduction or differing density between two converging plates. The students' misconceptions were resulted from the errors and insufficient explanation, inappropriate figures, and data presented in textbooks, reference-books, lecture, and web sites. The results of this study are implied to contribute the improvement of students' misconceptions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.52-62
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• 2004

This research is basic research about 「the afforestation project of the Shilla Dynasty's capital forest」 which is controlled by the research institute of forest and environment of Kyungbuk province. The results of the investigation about target places and selection of major species of trees is as follows. 1. In the Shilla Dynasty's times, the peach tree was the indicator of unusual changes in weather, and was also the symbol of unsurpassed beauty. Peach trees were so prevalent that people called the forest peach-hill or peach-forest. Therefore, the main tree of Shilla Dynasty's capital forest would have to be a peach tree. 2. From several records, pine and bamboo were planted or grown together. The pattern of planting trees like this case is also historic, so should be utilized positively. 3. In order to afforest the capital forest, the bamboos have to be planted on Nam-mountain in Kyung-ju, and maple trees have to be planted on Kumgang mountain. 4. There were many big trees during the Shilla Dynasty, and the name of one of the Six Main Villages was 'Big Tree Village'. Therefore, big and long-lived trees have to be planted also. 5. The willow tree has to be considered for afforesting the capital forest even though the willow trees are misunderstood to cause allergies. They are traditional landscape architecture trees. In the traditional literature, the willow tree stands for good news. 6. Japanese cornellian cherry(Cornus officinalis), which is related with old narrative literature in the era of King Kyungmun, has to be planted for the forest, and has to be considered to be an educational tree. 7. Korean Rhododendron, which is related with Madam Suro's story, has to be planted in stone gardens.8. Lotus, Korean pulsatilla, Boxwood, Bombycis Mulberry, and Japanese Apricot have been recorded just one time, but these are also important plants which have to be reflected on afforestation of capital forest project. 9. The forests of Shilla on the old records exist in 17 places. The afforestation project has to be undertaken at these places. 10. The people of Shilla deified the forest and trees, which were the places where ancestral rites had been performed. For example, Gyerim, Sinyurim, and Wanggasu were the sacred forests of the capital forest.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2009

Recent raw material prices fluctuation has been unexpectedly high and that made Korean economic activities to be depressed. Because most raw material supply in Korea depends upon oversea imports, unexpected raw material price fluctuation affects Korean industrial economies through macroeconomic variables. So Korean government enforces some political measures such as demand management and the supply-security assurance as long-range policies, and reservation and general early warning system as short-range policies. In short-range policies, it is necessary to be expected short term fluctuation. Up to recently, there have been many researches and most of those researches use parametric methods or time series analyses. Because those methods and analyses often generate inadequate relations among variables, it is possible that some consistent variables are left out or the results are misunderstood. This study, therefore, is aim to mitigate those methodological problems and find the relatively appropriate model for economic explanation. So that, in this paper, by using non-parametric signal approach method mitigating some shortages of previous researches and forecasting properly short-range prices fluctuation of non-ferrous materials are presented empirically.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-152
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• 2010

This study examined the satisfaction of the married women from aged 20s through 50s with well-being oriented foods, considering the importance of each subordinate field and verifying the differences between the groups according to socio-demographic factors, purchase behavior factors, and well-being oriented dietary life factors, followed by an analysis of the relative influence of those relevant factors. A preliminary survey was conducted from January 4th-11th, 2009 to check if there were any problems or misunderstood parts before the main survey. After the preliminary study was conducted, certain problems were adjusted and supplemented, and then the main survey was conducted for twenty-three days, from January 4th to February 5th, 2009. The summaries of this study are as follows: First, in the view of the purchase behavior, the mainly purchased well-being oriented foods were farm products, and the leading purpose of the purchase was for the parents and the children. It was shown that 30% or more of the information sources on well-being oriented foods were families, relatives and neighbors. More than 66% of the purchasing was done at wholesale marts and the topped purchasing frequency was from 5 to 6 per month. More than 71% of payments for well-being oriented foods were \50,000~100,000 per month. More than 51% of the respondents answered that the proper price of well-being oriented foods was 1.2 times to 1.5 times of that of other foods. Second, the satisfaction of the well-being oriented foods was ranked as 3.21 to 3.28 out of 5, and varied with the usages and the methods of weights. Investigating the satisfaction with each subordinate field, the satisfaction with price was shown to be low. The satisfaction with the assortments of foods and the satisfaction with the therapeutic degree by thorough investigation and management of foods were also relatively low. Third, well-being oriented dietary behavior was shown to be characterized by two factors, through factor analysis in this study. One was an eco-friendly oriented behavioral factor and the other was a health oriented selective factor. Fourth, the stepwise multiple regression analysis results investigating the relative influence of the factors effecting satisfaction with well-being oriented foods showed that the top ranked factor affecting total satisfaction was eco-friendly oriented behavioral factor, followed by education level and purchasing sites, especially of consumer groups.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-58
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• 1991

This study was carried out to recognize the understanding of high school teachers about physical therapist during September in 1988, The study population was comprised of 511 high school teachers who had lived in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. Mate teachers were $56\%$ and the rest of them were females. In age distribution $45.4\%$ of them belonged to the 3rd decade, in religion $36.2\%$ of them were Christians, and in their carrier $45.8\%$ of them were less then 5 years. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The high school teachers who knew about department of physical therapy is amounted to $62.6\%$ in male and $49.8\%$ in female. The high school teachers ($41.7\%$ in male and $38.6\%$ in female) considered that students aptitude was the most important thing to keep in mind in counselling those who wished to become physical therapists. There were difference in opinion between male and female teachers as to the counselling criteria (p<0.05). 2. The high school teachers who knew that the students would beemployed in sport center and health clubs after graduation amounted to $24.3\%$ in males and in general hospital to $27.1\%$ in female. There was significant difference in the knowledge for their field of employment between male and female teachers (p<0.05). 3. As to the effectiveness of the physical therapy, $41.3\%$ of male and $29.8\%$ of the female teachers responded to 'satisfactory', but indicating no statistical difference both sexes. 4. As for the attitude of physical therapiest, $43\%$ of them answered that kindness and service devotion were the prerequisite for them. There were statistical difference between male and female teachers in concepts about attitude (p<0.05). To the social level of physical therapist, majority of the teachers thought that physical therapist belong to moderate level in social class. 5. Those who considered that the physical therapy was necessary means for treatment of trauma amounted to $73\%$. The reason why teachers thought that physical therapy was not necessary was that it required too long period of time for the treatment. 6. Those who knew fully the job of physical therapist amounted to $55\%$ and the 55. $9\%$ knew that physical therapists work only at hospitals as the therapist and the rest of them misunderstood the job of physical therapist. 7. As for the academic background to be qualified as physical therapist, $76.2\%$ of them said that graduation of Junior College was required, $12.9\%$ graduation of Senior College and the rest of them had no ideas at all. There was no statistical difference between male and female teachers.