• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2024

This meta-analysis systematically reviewed studies on mirror therapy focused on arm and hand function in stroke patients, aiming to comprehensively assess the efficacy of mirror therapy interventions and furnish empirical support for its potential application and future development in the context of stroke rehabilitation. A rigorous search for articles published in international journals up to the year 2022 was conducted. Various assessment tools were employed to calculate effect sizes, evaluating the impact of mirror therapy on arm and hand function in stroke patients. Utilizing a random-effects model, mean effect sizes were determined, yielding a total effect size of 0.545. The effect sizes for the Brunnstrom Recovery Stage (BRS), Box and Block Test (BBT), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and grip strength test were 0.957, 0.596, 0.490, 0.488, and 0.417, respectively. In summary, we suggest that mirror therapy engenders positive changes in functional recovery among stroke patients, establishing a foundation for its tailored clinical application based on individual subject characteristics.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The present study aims to determine the effect of lower extremity muscle strength exercise at the non-paralyzed side of patients of stroke using a mirror on gait and balance. METHODS: Subjects were assigned randomly to a group of lower extremity exercise without using a mirror (n=10), a group of lower extremity motion exercise using a mirror (n=10), and a group of lower extremity muscle strength exercise using a mirror (n=10). The exercise is added to a physiotherapy program conducted at the hospital and subjects conducted their designed lower extremity exercises 30 times a day (5 sets), five days per week for four weeks. RESULTS: The study result showed that BBS(Berg balance scale)(p<.05) and TUG(timed up and go test)(p<.05) had a significant difference. In the comparison on gait ability, stride length, step length, step width and single support was a significant difference within two groups using a mirror before and after the intervention(p<.05). CONCLUSION: Conclusively, low extremity motion exercise using a mirror and low extremity muscle strength exercise using a mirror conducted along with general physiotherapy exercises had a positive effect on functions of lower extremity in patients with stroke and the recovery of paralyzed side thereby incurring a significant difference in balance and gait abilities.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.314-319
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• 2021

수중운동체의 수중방사소음을 측정하기 위해서는 수중음향 최근접점 거리의 계산과 해표면 반사 등에 의한 음향간섭이 음향준위에 미치는 영향이 고려되어야 한다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 해표면 반사에 의한 음향간섭으로 발생하는 로이드 미러 효과가 수중운동체의 수중방사소음 측정 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 수중운동체의 수중방사소음 측정결과에 로이드 미러 효과에 의한 주파수스펙트럼 레벨의 변동이 나타나는 것을 확인하였고, 이론식으로부터 예측한 로이드 미러 패턴이 측정결과와 일치됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 확인된 로이드 미러 패턴으로부터 수중운동체의 최근접점거리를 추정하였으며, 표면 간섭으로 나타나는 로이드 미러 효과가 수중운동체의 수중방사소음 준위 분석에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.48-58
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy on motor function recovery following a stroke through a systemic review and meta-analysis. In total, nine of the 48 studies were identified from search engines between 1997 and 2011, as well as from a review of the reference lists of each identified study. The quality of each study was assessed using Jadad scale, and the effect size was calculated as a Cohen's effect size using MetaAnalyst (Beta 3.13). The overall effect size of the mirror therapy was 2.005 (95% confidence interval=1.041~2.970) in a random-effects model. This finding suggests that mirror therapy is beneficial for improving motor function following a stroke. The results from the subgroup analysis according to categorical variables were as follows: First, the effect size was larger for an onset time of less than 1 year (1.166) than for a duration of 1 year or more (.668). Second, the effect size of unpublished dissertations (1.610) was larger than published articles (1.221). Third, motor recovery of upper extremities (1.609) had a greater effect than motor recovery of lower extremities (.903). The major limitation of this study is the relatively small study population. Therefore, further individual studies of mirror therapy should be conducted in order to generalize the effects. In addition, mirror therapy supervised by a physical therapist should be recognized as a potential approach to manage motor function following a stroke and recommended to patients to improve their motor function.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2014

본 연구는 국외 뇌졸중 환자에게 적용한 한 거울치료의 효과에 대하여 고찰하기 위한 것으로 국외 학술지를 대상으로 체계적 문헌고찰 연구방법을 시행하였다. 2013년 8월부터 2013년 10월까지 연구를 진행하였고 2013년 10월 이전까지 국외학술지에 게재된 논문을 PubMed를 통하여 검색하였다. 주요 검색용어로는 'mirror therapy', 'mirror neuron', 'stroke', 'paresis', 'hemiplegia', 'upper extremity를 사용하였다. 최초 검색된 논문은 737편이었으나 프로토콜을 거쳐 선정된 9편의 연구가 선정 되었다. 다양한 중재방법을 통하여 거울치료의 효과를 파악하는 연구들이 많았다. 측정도구로는 상지기능, 일상생활활동 수행능력을 평가하는 도구가 사용되었다. 결과로 거울치료를 받은 실험군이 고식적인 치료나 위상치료를 받은 대조군보다 상지의 원위부인 손 기능 향상이 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결과는 중재방법에 따라 효과의 차이가 나는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 일부 연구에서는 유의미하지 않은 연구결과도 보고되었다. 본 연구는 거울치료의 임상적 적용에 대한 근거를 제시하며, 향후 국내연구에서는 다양한 중재방법을 적용하여 거울치료의 효과를 더 정확하게 측정을 할 수 있는 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 문헌분석 결과를 기초로 거울치료를 시행함에 있어 고려되어야 할 점을 제시하였다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.212-216
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• 2021

Objective: Mirror therapy is one of the promising methods suggested for the upper limb rehabilitation of stroke patients. While mirror therapy was presented to be effective in improving motor function of stroke patients, problems were raised as preceding studies had various methods in applying mirror therapy. Some studies even reported no effect in mirror therapy. Our supposition for the reason of such problems was a decrease of attention on the illusive image during mirror therapy of stroke patients, and we aimed to observe this. Design: A cross-sectional preliminary study. Methods: Three hemiplegic acute patients were recruited for the traditional mirror therapy. It lasted for 30 minutes, and 12 different tasks were asked to perform. All procedures were video-recorded, and Observer XT was used to analyse mirror-gazing time, gaze-distracted time, preparation time, frequency of mirror gazing, frequency of distraction, frequency of preparation for treatment. Results: Subjects spent an average of 4-5 minutes having instructions about the mirror therapy intervention (preparation duration), an average of 11 minutes watching the mirror during therapy (mirror-gazing duration), and the rest of 14-15 minutes looking around the environment (gaze-distracted duration). During the mirror therapy, the number of distracted moments (frequency of distraction) was eight times more than focusing on the mirror (frequency of mirror gazing). Conclusions: Once the patient looks at the mirror, it only lasts about 5 seconds on average. Thus, we confirmed that patients could not concentrate on the illusion during the session and therefore it may have affected the effectiveness of the therapy.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2002

Optical disk drives read information by replacing a laser beam on the disk track. As information has become larger, the more accurate position control of a laser beam is necessary. In this paper, we report the analysis and fabrication of the micro mirror for optical disk drivers. A coupled simulation of gas flow and structural displacement of the micro mirror using the Finite-Element-Method is applied to this. The mirror was fabricated by using MEMS technology. Especially, the process using the lapping and polishing step after the bonding of the mirror and electrode plates was employed for the Process reliability. The mirror size was 2.5mm${\times}$3mm and it needed about 35V for displacement of 3.2 ${\mu}$.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 1991년도 제6회 파동 및 레이저 학술발표회 Prodeedings of 6th Conference on Waves and Lasers
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• pp.81-87
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• 1991

A design of a four-mirror optical system for submicron lithography using KrF excimer laser beam(λ=248nm) is presented. By using the third order aberration theory, analytic solutions for a telecentric, flat-field, and anastigmatic four-spherical-mirror system (reduction magnification 5$\times$) are found. Aspherization is carried out to the spherical mirror surfaces in order to reduce the residual higher order aberrations and vignetting effect. Finally we obtain a reflection system useful in submicron lithographic application.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the effect of visual feedback training using mirror and the training without mirror on the balance in people with hemiplegic paralysis. Methods: A total of 26 stroke patients were enrolled in this study. The participants were allocated randomly to 2 groups : visual feedback training group(n=13) and control group(n=13). Both groups received PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) for 5 times(each 30 minutes) per week over 6 weeks period. The group, which is enrolled in visual feed back training, performed additional exercise in front of mirror for 30 minutes. The control group performed same exercise without mirror. The data was analyzed using a paired t-test and independent t-test to determine the statistical significance. Results: The visual feedback training group showed significantly increased foot pressure and total pressure compared to the control group(p<.05) and significantly decreased body sway compared to the control group (p<.05). Also, visual feedback training group showed significant increase on the Berg Balance Scale(BBS), Timed Up and Go test(TUG) compared to the control group(p<.05). Conclusion: These results support the perceived benefits of visual feedback training using mirror to augment the balance of stroke patients. Therefore, visual feedback training using mirror is feasible and suitable for stroke patients.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2014

목적 : 본 연구에서는 뇌졸중 환자 중에서 편측무시가 있는 군과 없는 군 각각에 대해 4주간의 거울치료를 적용하여 그 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 거울치료를 통하여 상지의 기능 향상과 일상생활동작에 어떠한 효과가 있는지에 대해서도 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 창원시 C병원에 입원하여 작업치료를 받는 성인 편마비 환자로써 편측무시가 있는 환자 10명, 편측무시가 없는 환자 10명, 총20명을 대상으로 실시하였고 치료사와 1:1로 30분씩 주5회 총 4주간 걸쳐 거울치료 프로그램을 실시하였다. 편측무시 유무를 확인하고 거울치료 중재 전, 후 비교를 위해 알버트 검사를 사용하였다. 상지기능평가로써 Fugl-Meyer motor function Assessment(FMA), Box & Block Test(BBT)을 사용하였으며 일상생활활동평가는 Functional Independence Measure(FIM)를 사용하였다. 결과 : 거울치료는 편측무시를 가진 뇌졸중 환자에게 효과가 있었다(p<.05). 또한 뇌졸중환자의 편측무시 유무에 관계없이 상지기능과 일상생활활동에 효과가 있었다(p<.05). 결론 : 거울치료가 뇌졸중 환자의 마비측 상지기능과 일상생활활동 능력을 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라 편측무시 증상을 가지고 있는 뇌졸중 환자에게서도 편측무시 감소를 보였다. 결론적으로 거울치료는 편측무시 감소를 보일 뿐만 아니라 뇌졸중 환자의 기능적인 회복과 일상생활활동 수행능력 향상을 위한 치료방법으로써 임상에서 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.