• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2011

In the previous report, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rc, one of major ginsenosides, is a major component for the restoration for normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium. In the present study, we further investigated the roles of minor ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$, ginsenoside metabolites such as compound K (CK), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT) and ginsenoside epimers such as 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in cholesterol-deprived medium. We found that ginsenoside $Rh_1$ almost restored normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium in F1 generation. However, supplement of ginsenoside $Rh_2$ caused a suppression of worm growths in cholesterol-deprived medium. In addition, CK and PPD also slightly restored normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium but PPT not. In experiments using ginsenoside epimers, supplement of 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in cholesterol-deprived medium also almost restored worm growth. These results indicate that the absence or presence of carbohydrate component at backbone of ginsenoside, the number of carbohydrate attached at carbon-3, and the position of hydroxyl group at carbon-20 of ginsenoside might plays important roles in restoration of worm growth in cholesterol-deprived medium.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2010

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is reported to have many pharmaceutical activities. The minor ginsenosides(Rd, Rg3, Rh2 and compound K) display pharmaceutical properties superior to those of the major ginsenosides. These minor ginsenosides, which contribute a very small percentage, are produced by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the major ginsenosides. The pH of red ginseng extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis decreased rapidly during 3 days of fermentation, with no further significant change thereafter. After 20 days of fermentation, a relatively small difference remained in the acidity of extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae (0.54%) and S. carlsbergensis (0.58%). Reducing sugar in the S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis extracts decreased from 25.86 to 4.54 mg/ml and 4.32 mg/ml glucose equivalents, respectively; and ethanol contents increased from 1.5% at day 0 to 16.0 and 15.0%, respectively, at 20 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf, and Rg1 decreased during the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, but Rd and Rg3 increased by 12 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1 decreased gradually in the extract with S. carlsbergensis, but Rd and Rg3 were increased at 6 days and 9 days.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.44-51
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• 2008

The removal of minor elements such as Na, Ca and Fe has been performed from domestic aluminum hydroxide of 99.7% purity with organic acids. Oxalic and citric acid were used as the leaching agent, respectively and aluminum hydroxides of different particle size were also employed for the purification with organic acid leaching. Fine grinding of aluminum hydroxide has been tested using ball mills and leaching characteristics of each element have also been examined in terms of leaching parameters such as temperature, acid concentration, and solid density. As a result, it was found that oxalic acid showed higher leaching efficiency than citric acid in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mole/l and leaching amount of each element was also increased with the acid concentration and reaction temperature. It was observed that about 45% of Na was leached out during ball milling process which implied that the majority of Na contained in aluminum hydroxide was water soluble compound.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in a range of therapeutic and healthcare applications in East Asian countries. Microbial transformation is regarded as an effective and useful technology in modification of nature products for finding new chemical derivatives with potent bioactivities. In this study, three minor derivatives of ginsenoside compound K were isolated and the inducing effects in the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway were also investigated. Methods: New compounds were purified from scale-up fermentation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229 through repeated silica gel column chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were determined based on spectral data and X-ray diffraction. The inductive activities of these compounds on the Wnt signaling pathway were conducted on MC3T3-E1 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: The structures of a known 3-keto derivative and two new dehydrogenated metabolites were elucidated. The crystal structure of the 3-keto derivative was reported for the first time and its conformation was compared with that of ginsenoside compound K. The inductive effects of these compounds on osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway were explained for the first time. Conclusion: This study may provide a new insight into the metabolic pathway of ginsenoside by microbial transformation. In addition, the results might provide a reasonable explanation for the activity of ginseng in treating osteoporosis and supply good monomer ginsenoside resources for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134.1-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and other compounds from cell wall materials(CWM) and their cellulose fraction from carrot with chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. To investigate this effect on cell wall chemistry of carrot, alcohol insoluble residue(AIR) of CWM were prepared and were extracted sequentially with water, imidazole, CDTA(-1, -2), Na$_2$CO$_3$(-1, -2), KOH(0.5, 1.0 and 4M), to leave a residue. These were analysed for their carbohydrate and phenolic acids composition. Arabinose and galactose were the main noncellulosic sugars. Phenolics esterified to cell walls in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with minor contribution from vanillin, ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was quite strongly bound to the cell wall. The contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 0.5M KOH, Na$_2$CO$_3$-2, IM KOH, and ${\alpha}$-cellulose were 2,097, 1,360, 1,140, and 717 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g AIR from CWM, respectively. Alkali labile unknown aromatic compound(C$\sub$7/H$\sub$10/O$_2$) was found in ${\alpha}$ -cellulose hydrolyzate digested with driselase and cellulase. This compound was also found in hydrolyzate of 2 M trifluoroacetic acid at 120$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Driselase treatment solubilized only 46.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR. These results indicate that p-hydroxybenzoic acid was associated with neutral polysaccharides, long chain galactose and branched arabinan from graded alcohol precipitation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.1013-1021
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• 2020

A combination of simultaneous thermal analysis, evolved gas analysis and non-ambient XRD techniques was used to characterise and investigate the conversion reactions of ammonium uranates into uranium oxides. Two solid phases of the ternary system NH₃ - UO₃ - H₂O were synthesised under specified conditions. Microspheres prepared by the sol-gel method via internal gelation were identified as 3UO₃·2NH₃·4H₂O, whereas the product of a typical ammonium diuranate precipitation reaction was associated to the composition 3UO₃·NH₃·5H₂O. The thermal decomposition profile of both compounds in air feature distinct reaction steps towards the conversion to U₃O₈, owing to the successive release of water and ammonia molecules. Both compounds are converted into α-U₃O₈ above 550 ℃, but the crystallographic transition occurs differently. In compound 3UO₃·NH₃·5H₂O (ADU) the transformation occurs via the crystalline β-UO₃ phase, whereas in compound 3UO₃·2NH₃·4H₂O (microspheres) an amorphous UO₃ intermediate was observed. The new insights obtained on these uranate systems improve the information base for designing and synthesising minor actinide-containing target materials in future applications.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.399-410
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• 2020

The United Nations project the world population to reach 10 billion by the year 2057. To increase the food of the ever-increasing world population, agrochemicals are indispensable tools to the boon in agriculture production. These agrochemicals are a serious threat to the health of humans, plants, and animals. Agrochemicals are ultimately reached to the main reservoir/sink such as soil and contaminating the groundwater, disturb the soil health and in turn a serious threat to biogeochemical cycling and the entire biosphere. Among agrochemicals, quinalphosis one of the most repeatedly and widely used insecticides in the control of a wide range of pests that attack various crops. Quinalphos is shown to be primarily toxic in organisms by acetylcholinesterase enzyme action. Hydrolysis of quinalphos produces amajor metabolite 2-hydroxyquinoxaline (2-HQ), which has shown secondary toxicity in organisms. 2-HQ is reported to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, growth inhibition and induce oxidative stress in organisms. Quinoline is a heterocyclic compound and structural resemblance of 2-HQ with minor changes, but its degradation studies are enormous compared to the 2-HQ compound. Biotic factors in fate and behavior of 2-HQ in the environment are least studied. 2-HQ interactions with soil enzymes are vary from soil to soil. Based on the toxicity of 2-HQ in our stockpile we need to isolate a handful of microorganisms to treat this persistent metabolite and also other metabolites/compounds.This brief review will be significant from the point of biological and environmental safety.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.600-605
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• 2019

Background: The leaves and roots of Panax ginseng are rich in ginsenosides. However, the chemical compositions of the leaves and roots of P. ginseng differ, resulting in different medicinal functions. In recent years, the aerial parts of members of the Panax genus have received great attention from natural product chemists as producers of bioactive ginsenosides. The aim of this study was the isolation and structural elucidation of novel, minor ginsenosides in the leaves of P. ginseng and evaluation of their antiinflammatory activity in vitro. Methods: Various chromatographic techniques were applied to obtain pure individual compounds, and their structures were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as chemical methods. The antiinflammatory effect of the new compounds was evaluated on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results and conclusions: Two novel, minor triterpenoid saponins, ginsenoside $LS_1$ (1) and 5,6-didehydroginsenoside $Rg_3$ (2), were isolated from the leaves of P. ginseng. The isolated compounds 1 and 2 were assayed for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and Compound 2 showed a significant inhibitory effect with $IC_{50}$ of $37.38{\mu}M$ compared with that of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine ($IC_{50}=90.76{\mu}M$). Moreover, Compound 2 significantly decreased secretion of cytokines such as prostaglandin $E_2$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. In addition, Compound 2 significantly suppressed protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. These results suggested that Compound 2 could be used as a valuable candidate for medicinal use or functional food, and the mechanism is warranted for further exploration.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2003

The main purpose of this research was to study and analyze the actual utilization of traditional knowledge resources and to search for methods to activate local communities through utilization of traditional knowledge resources best suited for us. For this study, data listed on the internal web sites during August 2002 to October 2002 were searched and analyzed. In terms of statistical analysis, frequency, percentage, and x$^2$-test were operated using the SPSS 10.0 program. The major results of this study are as follows: 1) Traditional knowledge resources utilized throughout the nation totaled to 8,906 cases. These utilized resources composed of 48.0% of tangible resources, 32.3% of environmental resources, and 19.8% of intangible resources and such utilized resources were in order of life-skill, scenery, ruins and relics, community activity, exhibition, and folklores. 2) Tourism, merchandising, and festival were the major types of utilization of traditional knowledge resources, while education was the relatively minor portion in utilization type. 3) Compound linking of traditional knowledge resources, utilization type, and utilizing body showed links such as life skill-merchandising-civilian, ruins and relics-tourism-government, folklore-festival-civilian, scenery-tourism-government, and exhibition-education-civilian.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2001

Physical and chemical characteristics of four white-and one yellow-fleshed peach cultivars were compared at optimum maturity stage. In addition, differences of phenolic composition, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and PPO isozyme patterns in two peach types were also investigated. There are no significant differences in firmness and color values between two peach types, except for "Yumyung", a white-fleshed peach with the highest firmness, and "Hwangdo", a yellow-fleshed peach with the highest yellowness (b)* value. In general, the soluble solid/titratable acidity ratios, ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents were significantly higher for white-fleshed peaches than those for yellow-fleshed peach (p<0.05). Three major phenolic compounds, catechin, neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid, were found in both the white-and yellow-fleshed peaches. Among them, catechin was the predominant phenolic compound in the white-fleshed peaches, followed by neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Meanwhile, neochlorogenic acid was present in the highest level of the yellow-fleshed peach, but levels of two other phenolic compounds were lower. PPO activities of the white-fleshed peaches were generally higher than that of the yellow-fleshed peach, with the one major band and two minor bands, and there were no big differences in PPO isozyme patterns between two different peach cultivars.