• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1633-1637
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• 2005

Five different plant cell wall degrading enzymes were tested for their ability to release p -hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) and cellulose fraction. Phenolics of AIR from cell wall materi민 (CWM) in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1,977 $\mu$g/g AIR) with minor contribution from vanillin (55.9 $\mu$g/g AIR), ferulic acid (13.6 $\mu$g/g AIR) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10.6 $\mu$g/g AIR). The contents of ferulic acid in Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10 and Sumyzyme MC were 2,319, 2,060, 391, 95.2, 34.1 $\mu$g/g, respectively. Incubation of Driselase with AIR released only 2.8$\%$ of the total 4 M NaOH extractable p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results indicate that commercial five plant cell wall dograding enzymes can not release P-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR and cellulose fraction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134.1-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and other compounds from cell wall materials(CWM) and their cellulose fraction from carrot with chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. To investigate this effect on cell wall chemistry of carrot, alcohol insoluble residue(AIR) of CWM were prepared and were extracted sequentially with water, imidazole, CDTA(-1, -2), Na$_2$CO$_3$(-1, -2), KOH(0.5, 1.0 and 4M), to leave a residue. These were analysed for their carbohydrate and phenolic acids composition. Arabinose and galactose were the main noncellulosic sugars. Phenolics esterified to cell walls in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with minor contribution from vanillin, ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was quite strongly bound to the cell wall. The contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 0.5M KOH, Na$_2$CO$_3$-2, IM KOH, and ${\alpha}$-cellulose were 2,097, 1,360, 1,140, and 717 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g AIR from CWM, respectively. Alkali labile unknown aromatic compound(C$\sub$7/H$\sub$10/O$_2$) was found in ${\alpha}$ -cellulose hydrolyzate digested with driselase and cellulase. This compound was also found in hydrolyzate of 2 M trifluoroacetic acid at 120$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Driselase treatment solubilized only 46.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR. These results indicate that p-hydroxybenzoic acid was associated with neutral polysaccharides, long chain galactose and branched arabinan from graded alcohol precipitation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.567-571
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to assess the usefulness of midazolam in patients undergoing minor oral surgery under conscious sedation. Materials and methods: Bispectral index was examined in 20 patients receiving oral minor surgery with conscious sedation supplemented with local anesthesia. All patients included were ASA I and had no contraindications to the study medications. The patients were escorted to the day surgery operation room where, before the commencement of the sedation and surgical procedures, routine monitoring was applied, including the noninvasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and 3-lead electrocardiogram (Electrocardiogram). Bispectral index electrodes were applied on the frontotemporal region after cleansing the skin with alcohol. Bispectral index was calculated with the Electrocardiogram monitor (A-2000; Aspect Co.). Midazolam was then titrated (initially 3mg wait 2min and 2mg). Vital sign and Bispectral index checked every 5 minute until the end of the procedure. The results were then compared. Results: The Bispectral index index values throughout the sedation study period alter many level. The index was dropped at 5 minutes after administration, but raised at injection and odontomy procedure. During the operation, mean Bispectral index index was higher than conscious sedation index range($60{\sim}80$). The amnesic effect was shown 17 cases out of 20 cases(85%). Conclusion: Conscious sedation technique using midazolma is a safe and effective method of controlling behavior in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2002

Even though alcoholism is a multi-factorial psychiatric disorder, it is reasonable to suppose that genetic factors play a substantial role in the manifestation of this disorder. Because alcohol is the reinforcing substance which manifests its effects through activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway of the brain, the gene encoding dopamine receptor subtypes can be a major natural candidate gene. Since 1990, many association studies have identified strong evidence implicating the dopamine D2 receptor(DRD2) gene in alcoholism, specifically TaqI A minor(A1) allele. Association studies have also been conducted on other dopamine receptor(DRD3 & DRD4) polymorphisms but the results have yet to be confirmed. Through a number of other approaches, each dopamine receptor gene has been investigated in association with different phenotypes in alcoholism, but further researches will be needed. In conclusion, studies in the past decade have shown that the TaqI A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with alcoholism in various subject groups. Other dopamine receptor genes have since been added to the list but yet to be identified. Thus, the knowledge of these genes and their functional significance will enhance the understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of alcoholism. Furthermore, it could lead to more helpful prevention and treatment approaches to alcoholism.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 1987

The melaniid snails belonging to genus Semisulcospira were collected in the Kangwha and Yonchon areas of Korea in 1986 through 1987 in order to carry out a cytotaxonomic study, The snails were first narcotized with menthol and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol for morphological identification. The gonads of adult snails were used for chromosome analyses by the technique of Imai et al. (1977) with minor modification. Slide preparations were observed under high power fields using a Leitz light miscroscope. The results obtained in the present stuedy are summarized as follows: 1)The sanils collected from Kangwha and Yonchon areas were identified as Semisulcospira forticosta(Martens, 1886)and S. gottschei (Martens, 1886) respectively.2)No specific differences were obwerved in details of the chromosome cycle between S. forticosta and S. gottschei.3) Diploid chromosome numbers observed at mitotic metaphase were 36. There was no difference in chromosome numbers between S. forticosta and S. gottschei.4) There were morphological differences in the karyotypes of the two species. The spermatogonial metaphase karyotype of S. forticosta consists of six pairs of metacentric, eleven pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes. The spermatogonial metaphase karyotype of S. gottschei consists of five pairs of metacentric, tselve pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes. Summarizing the aboxe results, the two species of Semisulcospira employed in this study have same chromosome numbers(2n=36)with different karyotypes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1739-1749
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• 2020

Exopolysaccharide produced by the yeast Papiliotrema flavescens, isolated from wine grape berries of Champagne vineyard, was investigated for both chemical and functional characterization. SECMALLS and colorimetric assay analyses showed that the EPS is a high M_W heteropolymer (2.37 × 10⁶ g/mol) majorily consisting of mannose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid as monosaccharide constituents, with two substituents (sulphate and phosphate groups), and a minor protein moiety. Structural enchainment of these carbohydrates based on methylation, GC-MS and NMR analyses revealed a linear main backbone built up of α-(1 → 3)-D-mannopyranosyl residues on which are branched side chains consisting of a single β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residue and β-(1 → 2)-xylopyranoses (2-5 residues). Suggestion of some xylopyranose side chains containing a mannose residue at the nonreducing terminal end was also proposed. This is first report on EPSs from the grape P. flavescens yeast with such structural characteristics. Furthermore, investigations for valuating the application performance of these EPS in relation with their structural features were carried out in 8% alcohol experiment solutions. Very exceptional viscosifying and foaming properties were reported by comparison with commercial biopolymers such as Arabic, gellan and xanthan gums. The intrinsic properties of the natural biopolymer from this wild grape-associated P. flavescens yeast make it a potential candidate for use in various biotechnology applications.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 2001

Objective: The purpose of this study was to make a guideline of uterine artery embolization for the treatment of uterine leiomyomas accompanying with adenomyosis in Korea. Materials and Methods : We performed the retrospective study for 37 women who had uterine leiomyomas accompanying with adenomyosis. Bilateral uterine artery embolization was performed in 37 patients (age range 25-65) during 17 months with pain, hypermenorrhea, urinary frequency etc due to leiomyomas. Ultrasound imaging was performed before the procedure and at mean 6.9 months after the procedure. Results: All procedures were technically successful. Mean clinical follow-up was 12.8 months. Minor complication occurred in 82% patients after the procedure. After imaging follow-up (mean, 6.9 months postprocedure), median uterine volume decreased 34.4%, and dominant myoma volume decreased 86%. There was no statistical difference in uterine volume reduction and dominant myoma size reduction whether occluding agents was polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol plus gelfoam, and gelfoam, and whether ultrasound measured Resistance Index value before the procedure was low or high. Conclusion: Primary candidates for uterine artery embolization include those with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas who no longer des ire fertility but wish to avoid surgery or are poor surgical risks. To our study, uterine volume reduction and dominant myoma size reduction in patients who had adenomyosis were similar to previous other studies in patients who had not adenomyosis. Therefore adenomyosis should not be considered as a contraindication for uterine artery embolization. Because there is little data about subsequent reproductive potential after this procedure, it should not be routinely advocated for infertile women. Further investigation is warranted for occluding agents and Resistance Index.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.1 s.32
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

Volatile flavor compounds of sauces made from shrimps, crabs or lobsters were analyzed by the combination of canister system, gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Of 72 total volatile compounds from 4 kinds of sauces, 45 compounds were identified from shrimp sauce(SS). Ten alkanes, 5 ketones, 3 aldehydes were obtained from SS. Especially, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 2-pentanamine, isobutane, 3-methyl-2-butanol, carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide were predominant compounds in SS. In crab sauce(CS), there were 18 compounds identified, including 4 alcohols, 4 alkanes, 3 aldehydes, 2 ketones, acid and amine. 2-Methoxy ethanol, trimethyloxirane and 3-buten-1-ol were special volatile compounds in CC. Volatile compounds from lobster head sauce(LHS) or lobster shell sauce(LSS) were 16 or 18 kinds respectively. The major volatile compounds of LHS were formic acid, 1-propanethiol, $\beta$-pinene and allyl sulfide, and those of LSS were acids, pentane, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone. It was thought that the volatile compounds identified from sauces as well as shrimps, crabs or lobsters might come from wine, onions, bay leaves or celery used as minor ingredients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.241-260
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• 1998

1. Both the festival held in Confucian temple to honor Confucius or a religious ceremony in Korean traditional lecture-hall are the sacrificial rituals which is the mark of the respect for prescholars and these rituals has been followed the rules written in the book,'Yaegi' 2. For the Food formal display for the festival in Confusian temple of Chinese Gukjagam, Pebak(clothes), Mohyul(hair and blood), and the ritual food dishes, such as Byun 10, Doo 10, Gang 3 (Deung 1, Hyung 2), Bo 2, Cue 2, Jo 3 (Taeraeu as beef dish 1, Soraeu as sheep and pork dishes 2), Joo(alcohol) 3 were displayed, while in Juhyunhak, Byun 8, Doo 8 were displayed. In Taesangji edited around in 1873 in Korea, for the Confucian shrine Pebak, Mohyul, Byun 10, Doo 10, Deung 3, Hyung 3, Bo 2, Cue 2, Jo 6 (raw 3, cooked 3), Joo 3 were displayed. In pedantry Confucian temple, Pebak, Byun 8, Doo 8, Bo 2, Cue 2, Jo 2 (raw sheep and pork), Joo 3 were displayed while Mohyul was omitted, which this type of display was almost identical through the nationwide survery for the Confucian food display. Some of the Confucian food display, most of the display for Bo and Cue have been changed to Bo 1 and Cue 1, and one fifth of the Confucian display for Byun and Doo also has been changed in the numbers and food varieties. 3. In most of the sacrificial ritual food display in the Korean traditional lecture-hall, Pebak (some not applicable), Byun 4, Doo 4, Bo 1, Cue 1, Jo 1 (raw), Joo 1 were displayed. In these days, the number of the Confucian temple where the sacrificial rituals is not held, has been increased. 4. For the names of food for the Byun and Doo dishes, mostly the old names are used, however, minor changes in materials and cooking method have been found.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 1984

Structural differences in various divisions of the rabbit colon were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. For light microscopic study, various Portions of the colon from seven rabbits (2.5 kg body weight) were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Tissues for scanning electron microscopy were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde and postfixed in 1% $OsO_4$, dehydrated to 100% alcohol, transfered to isoamilacetate and dried by the critical point method. Subsequently, specimens were coated with gold and viewed with a JSM-35C scanning electron microscope. The colon displays a morphological diversity along its proximo-distal axis. Five regions can be discerned based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. 1) The first segment immediately distal to the cecocolical junction possessing three teniae is approximately 5 cm ($4{\sim}6cm$) in length, and displays irregular folds of the mucosa oriented transversely similar to those of the cecum. 2) The second segment possessing three teniae is about 7 cm ($5{\sim}8cm$) in length, and is characterized by the papilla-like protrusions on the mucosal surface. 3) The third segment, possessing a single tenia is about 16 cm ($12{\sim}20cm$) in length, and also displays the papilla-like protrusions similar to the aforegoing segment. 4) Fusus coli, approximately 4 cm ($3{\sim}5cm$) in length, is free of teniae and exhibits longitudinal folds on the mucosal surface. These four portions together constitute the proximal colon. 5) The distal colon reaches a length of about 58 cm ($53{\sim}55cm$) and shows a pattern of surface irregularities with minor ridges on the mucosal folds.